Marketing and financial issues in Iran

Objective: When a financial crisis occurs, speculators typically get the blame whereas fundamentalists are presented as the safeguard against excessive volatility. Methodology: This paper consider two types: speculators and fundamentals who have the same information. Results: In this paper, excess volatility not only exists, but is actually fueled by fundamental trading. Conclusion: Consequently, efficient markets are more volatile with a few speculators than with many speculators and Existence of fundamentals ruins market’s liquidity and this may pose problems for traders, who intend to undertake frequent transactions.