Are They Actually Looking? Identifying Smartphones Shoulder Surfing Through Gaze Estimation

Mobile devices have evolved to be a crucial part of our everyday lives. However, they are subject to different types of user-centered attacks such as shoulder surfing attacks. Previous work focused on notifying the user with a potential shoulder surfer if an extra face is detected. Although it is a successful approach, it eliminated the possibility that the alleged attacker is just standing and not looking at the user’s device. In this work, we investigate estimating the gaze of potential attackers in order to verify if they are indeed looking at the user’s phone.