反渗透膜的主要性能及其对水溶液理化组成变化的影响

Мarina V. Kravchenko, Lesya Vasylenko
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本文论述了反渗透技术在调整水溶液,特别是饮用水的理化成分中的应用的相关性和特点。任何反渗透装置的主要元件都是半透膜,它是一种密度不均匀的高分子复合材料。研究表明,反渗透膜必须满足一定的要求,其中主要是对在该功能阶段被去除的成分的选择性,符合高渗透性,即在其操作过程中具有稳定的物理和化学性质。介绍了膜的主要理化性质(选择性、比产率、浓缩还原因子、分离因子)及其计算方法。实验研究了温度对半透膜对MgCl2和CaCl2盐选择性和比产率变化的影响。实验证明,溶液温度的升高会导致膜的选择性增加,而比产率呈线性下降。在模型溶液上进行了实验研究,研究了压力对膜选择性变化的影响。结果表明,膜结构的收缩在其运行的最初几个小时内尤为明显,这导致膜的选择性降低。就选择性而言,实际上稳定的状态通常在4-5小时内发生。研究表明,随着初始溶液中盐浓度的增加,膜的比产率降低,选择性增加。结果表明,在给定的浓度范围内,膜对2:2型电解质的选择性比2-1型电解质的选择性高。给出了在P = 18 atm压力下,Filmtec TW30-1812-50膜对“模型多组分溶液”组分的选择性变化和浓度还原因子随时间的参数依赖性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Investigation of the main properties of reverse osmosis membranes and their influence on changes in the physico-chemical composition of aqueous solutions
The article discusses the relevance and features of the use of reverse osmosis when adjusting the physico-chemical composition of aqueous solutions and especially the composition of drinking water. The main element of any reverse osmosis plant is a semi-permeable membrane, which is a polymer composite material of uneven density. It has been shown that reverse osmosis membranes must meet certain requirements, the main of which are selectivity to the components that are removed at this functional stage, compliance with a high level of permeability, i.e. stable physical and chemical properties during their operation. The main physicochemical properties of membranes (selectivity, specific productivity, concentration reduction factor, separation factor) and methods for their calculation are described. The effect of temperature on the change in the selectivity and specific productivity of a semipermeable membrane for MgCl2 and CaCl2 salts has been experimentally studied. It has been proven that an increase in the temperature of the solution leads to an increase in the selectivity of the membrane and a linear decrease in the specific productivity. Experimental studies were carried out on model solutions to study the effect of pressure on the change in membrane selectivity. It is shown that the shrinkage of the membrane structure is especially noticeable in the first hours of its operation, which leads to a decrease in the selectivity of the membrane. A practically steady state in terms of selectivity usually occurs in 4–5 hours. It was studied that with an increase in the concentration of salts in the initial solution, a decrease in the specific productivity of the membrane and an increase in selectivity occur. It is shown that the selectivity of the studied membrane in the presented range of concentrations is higher for electrolytes of the 2:2 type than for electrolytes of the 2-1 type. The parametric dependences of the change in selectivity and the concentration reduction factor of the Filmtec TW30-1812-50 membrane over time for the components of a “model multicomponent solution” at a pressure of P = 18 atm are given.
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