土地退化经济学

Joachim von Braun, Nicolas Gerber, A. Mirzabaev, E. Nkonya
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引用次数: 143

摘要

健康的土壤对维持经济和人类生计至关重要。尽管如此,土壤提供的关键生态系统服务通常被认为是理所当然的,它们的真正价值——超出市场价值——正在被低估。鉴于土地价格的迅速上涨,这种低估土壤价值的模式即将发生变化,这是土地日益短缺和产出价格上涨的结果,产出价格上涨推动了土地(可获得水的土地)的隐含价格上涨。此外,与土壤有关的生态系统服务的价值正在得到更好的理解和日益重视。据估计,全球约有四分之一的土地面积退化,影响到全世界所有农业生态系统中约15亿人。土地退化对发展中国家农村地区最贫穷家庭的生计和福祉造成的损失最大。贫穷和土地退化的恶性循环,以及农村贫穷和粮食不安全对国民经济的传染影响,严重阻碍了它们的发展进程。尽管需要预防和扭转土地退化,但这一问题尚未得到适当处理。缺乏可持续土地利用的政策行动,也缺乏行动的政策框架。本问题文件和拟议的有关土地退化经济学全球评估的主要目标是:第一,提高人们对评估土地退化的经济、社会和环境成本的必要性和作用的认识;第二,根据对土地退化采取行动与不采取行动的成本,提出并说明进行这种评估的科学框架。初步调查结果表明,不采取行动的代价远远高于采取行动的代价。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Economics of Land Degradation
Healthy soils are essential for sustaining economies and human livelihoods. In spite of this, the key ecosystem services provided by soils have usually been taken for granted and their true value – beyond market value – is being underrated. This pattern of undervaluation of soils is about to change in view of rapidly raising land prices, which is the result of increased shortage of land and raising output prices that drive implicit prices of land (with access to water) upward. Moreover, the value of soil related ecosystems services is being better understood and increasingly valued.It is estimated that about a quarter of global land area is degraded, affecting about 1.5 billion people in all agro-ecologies around the world. Land degradation has its highest toll on the livelihoods and well-being of the poorest households in the rural areas of developing countries. Vicious circles of poverty and land degradation, as well as transmission effects from rural poverty and food insecurity to national economies, critically hamper their development process.Despite the need for preventing and reversing land degradation, the problem has yet to be appropriately addressed. Policy action for sustainable land use is lacking, and a policy framework for action is missing. Key objectives of this Issue Paper and of a proposed related global assessment of the Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) are: first, to raise awareness about the need for and role of an assessment of the economic, social and environmental costs of land degradation; and second, to propose and illustrate a scientific framework to conduct such an assessment, based on the costs of action versus inaction against land degradation. Preliminary findings suggest that the costs of inaction are much higher than the costs of action.
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