Confinement of Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns and Pier Walls

This article presents a review of (1) previous experimental studies on the earthquake response of square reinforced concrete columns and a discussion of their applicability to bridge columns in areas of moderate and high seismic risk, (2) confinement steel design for rectangular columns based on different codes and methods and an example column to compare these codes, and (3) two concrete confinement models in relationship to their application in estimating a range of displacement ductility for square columns, rectangular columns, and pier walls.