An Educated Conscience: Perception and Reason in Newman's Account of Conscience

An important feature of conscience, for John Henry Newman, is the capacity to sense things divine.1 This feature entails a kind of moral perception. In some texts, for example, Newman describes conscience as the capacity to “perceive the voice, or the echoes of the voice, of a Master, living, personal, and sovereign” (Grammar 77; see also Philosophical Notebook 59; Certain Difficulties 247, 255; Parochial and Plain Sermons 237). However, he complicates things a bit in his sermon, “The Usurpations of Reason,” by stating that our capacity to detect moral truths happens “without any intelligible reasoning process” (Fifteen Sermons 56). At first glance, one may conclude from this quotation that conscience and reason, for Newman, are not only distinct but that the former does not need the latter to detect moral truths. In this article, I argue that such a conclusion misses both the subtlety of Newman’s employment of the term “reasoning” in this sermon and his understanding of the relationship between conscience and reason. More specifically, Newman’s discussion of the relationship between reason and conscience needs to be couched within his overall account of faith and reason. For example, one of Newman’s main concerns in the Fifteen Sermons Preached Before the University of Oxford is to examine existing accounts of faith and reason and thus to clarify the conditions under which Christian belief (or for that matter any belief) can be considered rational. Conscience certainly includes a perceptual feature, especially given Newman’s emphasis on its basic or pre-trained aspect, but background beliefs, training, experience, and practice play a crucial role in how we learn to perceive and make sense of things divine. As I hope to show, Newman’s notion of an “educated conscience” is saturated (or shaped) by a kind of implicit reasoning, the operation of which is external to a person’s awareness.2 Along these lines, I will restrict the focus of this article to four aspects of Newman’s thought on conscience. The first section will explain in what sense Newman thinks of conscience as a natural element of our cognitive existence. The second section will spell out Newman’s notion of an edu-