Toponyms of Tajikistan: Historical-Etymological and Lexical-Structural Analysis of Toponyms and Hydronyms

—In Tajikistan, toponymic names have various forms, influenced by territorial, linguistic and other variables. This paper considers linguistic features of toponyms - names of districts and cities of Tajikistan, analyzing their lexical-semantic and lexical-structural peculiarities reflecting natural, historical and cultural features, linguistic problems. Structurally, formation of toponyms follows certain rules. Geographical names are drawn on various word building patterns, such as direct transition of nominal word into toponym; there is also influence of geographical, historical and other factors onto formation of names of cities and districts. Special attention is paid to personal names in development of geographical names in Tajikistan. However, when studying the history of toponym formation and their structure, certain regularities are considered, such as word meaning, their grammatical form, relations to certain parts of speech, morphological structure; they all shall be considered when forming new toponyms.