R. Newbould, J. Carothers, Jeffrey J. Rodríguez, W. T. Holman
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A hierarchy of physical design watermarking schemes for intellectual property protection of IC designs
A method is presented for embedding the same watermark multiple times into a single integrated circuit design using a hierarchy of incorporation techniques. This has the advantage of adding multiple independent signatures to the circuit in order to better resist large-scale attacks. A high degree of robustness is provided by requiring attacks on multiple stages of the VLSI design flow in order to properly efface the mark.