乌克兰喀尔巴阡山脉Chornohora地块中国松(Pinus cembra L.)的传播与恢复特征

V. Bilonoha
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在过去的一个世纪里,由于喀尔巴阡地区过去社会政治现实中不合理的林业、畜牧业方法、当地居民的文化传统和土地占有方式,造成了中国松林的严重损失。最大的损失发生在Chornohora地块最小的栖息地。以喀尔巴阡山脉这一地区为例,研究了瑞士石松种群在生境恢复演替过程中人口统计学参数的变化。还考虑了气候变化可能产生的影响。瑞士石松种群动态的当前趋势表明,在过去几十年中,主要是在引入一些环境法规之后,发生了某些积极的变化。喀尔巴阡高原放牧压力的减少也应该被认为是积极的。同时,它的完全停止可能会对其以前历史边界内瑞士石松栖息地的恢复产生负面影响。在森林上层或亚高山地带存在自由生态位,充分发挥其相对于云杉的生态和生物学优势,是杉木重新占领失去的土地的必要条件。另一个重要的因素是“母”种群中乳香果的数量与结果树的数量之间的最佳比例。在灌丛和草本斑块恢复演替的开始阶段,青松的恢复最为活跃。目前,冷杉和松的密集分布是其种群范围扩大的一个障碍。气候变化对瑞士石松恢复的影响不明显,因为生长季节的延长增加了与其他树种的竞争,而树带界线提高了低密度水平。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Characteristics of spread and restoration of Pinus cembra L. in the Chornohora massif of the Ukrainian Carpathians
During the previous century, natural stands of Pinus cembra suffered significant losses due to the unreasoned methods of forestry, animal husbandry, cultural traditions of the local population, and the way of land possession in the Carpathian region in the past socio-political realities. The largest losses have occurred in the smallest habitats of P. cembra in the Chornohora massif. The case study in this part of the Carpathians involved changes of demographic parameters of Swiss stone pine population due to restoration succession processes in its habitats. Possible effects of climate change are also considered. Current trends in the population dynamics of Swiss stone pine indicate certain positive changes that have taken place over the past few decades, mainly after the introduction of some environmental regulations. Grazing pressure reduction in the highlands of the Carpathians should also be considered positive. At the same time, its complete cessation may have negative consequences for the restoration of the Swiss stone pine habitats within its former historical boundary. Necessary condition for recolonization of the lost territories by P. cembra is the presence of free niches at the upper forest or subalpine zones, where its ecological and biological advantages over spruce are fully realized. Another important factor is the optimal ratio between the number of Nucifraga caryocatactes and the number of fruit-bearing trees in the "mother" population. The most active recovery of P. cembra occurred at the beginning of the restoration succession in shrubby and herbaceous patches. At present, the intensive spread of Picea abies and Pinus mugo is an obstacle to the expansion of its population range. The impact of climate change on the restoration of Swiss stone pine is not obvious, as prolongation of the growing season enhances competition with other tree species while the timberline raises higher hypsometric levels.
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