All double-deck Shinkansen train "Max" (Series E1)

The authors describe the E1 series of Shinkansen electric trains, the first Shinkansen rolling stock to have all-double deck passenger cars. Passengers who cannot find seats in current cars must stand in the aisle. The purpose of developing E1 is to have more seats for commuters who are the railway's largest market. VVVF (variable voltage variable frequency) control was adopted, using the latest compact and lightweight equipment, which is placed at floor level at the end of each car to maximize the size of the passenger section.