Jefferson F. da Silva, Rodrigo F. da Silva, E. P. Santos, L. Maia, A. Moura
{"title":"1064 nm激发下NdAl3(BO3)4纳米粒子的光子雪崩样上转换","authors":"Jefferson F. da Silva, Rodrigo F. da Silva, E. P. Santos, L. Maia, A. Moura","doi":"10.1063/5.0024619","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"We report efficient non-resonant ground state excitation at 1064 nm of trivalent neodymium (Nd$^{3+}$) ions in stoichiometric neodymium aluminum borate NdAl$_3$(BO$_3$)$_4$ nanoparticles, which are crystalline and, besides the large content of Nd$^{3+}$ ions, present excellent photoluminescence properties. Up-conversions (UCs) were observed and the energy pathways identified, as starting by multi-phonon assisted ground state absorption ($^4$I$_{9/2}$-$^4$F$_{3/2}$) and excited state absorption ($^4$I$_{11/2}$-$^4$F$_{3/2}$) with the population of the $^4$I$_{11/2}$ level by thermal coupling with the ground state. The excited state $^4$I$_{11/2}$ is also populated by relaxations of the Nd$^{3+}$ ions increasing the population of the $^4$F$_{3/2}$ level. Cross-relaxation among two Nd$^{3+}$ ions ($^4$F$_{3/2}$,$^4$I$_{9/2}$)-($^4$I$_{15/2}$,$^4$I$_{15/2}$) with subsequent phonon emission leads to two ions at the $^4$I$_{11/2}$ level every iteration triggering a photon avalanche mechanism which greatly enhances the efficiency of the UCs. Ladder thermal excitation $^4$F$_{3/2}$-[$^4$F$_{5/2}$,$^2$H$_{9/2}$]-[$^4$F$_{7/2}$,$^4$S$_{3/2}$]-$^4$F$_{9/2}$ was achieved, and the ground state relaxation from these levels provided emission at 880 nm, 810 nm, 750 nm, and 690 nm, respectively. Energy transfer UCs (Auger) between Nd$^{3+}$ ions at the $^4$F$_{3/2}$ level allowed the population of the [$^2$G$_{3/2}$,$^4$G$_{7/2}$] from which relaxations to the $^4$I$_{9/2}$, $^4$I$_{11/2}$, and $^4$I$_{13/2}$ states provided emissions around 536 nm, 600 nm, and 660 nm, respectively. Associated with the nonradiative relaxations, we observed the heating of the nanoparticles (22 {\\deg}C to 240 {\\deg}C) with subsequent thermal enhancement of the frequency UCs due to the redistribution of population among coupled energy levels of the Nd$^{3+}$ ions.","PeriodicalId":304443,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: Optics","volume":"5 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2020-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"10","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Photon-avalanche-like upconversion in NdAl3(BO3)4 nanoparticles excited at 1064 nm\",\"authors\":\"Jefferson F. da Silva, Rodrigo F. da Silva, E. P. Santos, L. Maia, A. Moura\",\"doi\":\"10.1063/5.0024619\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"We report efficient non-resonant ground state excitation at 1064 nm of trivalent neodymium (Nd$^{3+}$) ions in stoichiometric neodymium aluminum borate NdAl$_3$(BO$_3$)$_4$ nanoparticles, which are crystalline and, besides the large content of Nd$^{3+}$ ions, present excellent photoluminescence properties. Up-conversions (UCs) were observed and the energy pathways identified, as starting by multi-phonon assisted ground state absorption ($^4$I$_{9/2}$-$^4$F$_{3/2}$) and excited state absorption ($^4$I$_{11/2}$-$^4$F$_{3/2}$) with the population of the $^4$I$_{11/2}$ level by thermal coupling with the ground state. The excited state $^4$I$_{11/2}$ is also populated by relaxations of the Nd$^{3+}$ ions increasing the population of the $^4$F$_{3/2}$ level. Cross-relaxation among two Nd$^{3+}$ ions ($^4$F$_{3/2}$,$^4$I$_{9/2}$)-($^4$I$_{15/2}$,$^4$I$_{15/2}$) with subsequent phonon emission leads to two ions at the $^4$I$_{11/2}$ level every iteration triggering a photon avalanche mechanism which greatly enhances the efficiency of the UCs. Ladder thermal excitation $^4$F$_{3/2}$-[$^4$F$_{5/2}$,$^2$H$_{9/2}$]-[$^4$F$_{7/2}$,$^4$S$_{3/2}$]-$^4$F$_{9/2}$ was achieved, and the ground state relaxation from these levels provided emission at 880 nm, 810 nm, 750 nm, and 690 nm, respectively. Energy transfer UCs (Auger) between Nd$^{3+}$ ions at the $^4$F$_{3/2}$ level allowed the population of the [$^2$G$_{3/2}$,$^4$G$_{7/2}$] from which relaxations to the $^4$I$_{9/2}$, $^4$I$_{11/2}$, and $^4$I$_{13/2}$ states provided emissions around 536 nm, 600 nm, and 660 nm, respectively. Associated with the nonradiative relaxations, we observed the heating of the nanoparticles (22 {\\\\deg}C to 240 {\\\\deg}C) with subsequent thermal enhancement of the frequency UCs due to the redistribution of population among coupled energy levels of the Nd$^{3+}$ ions.\",\"PeriodicalId\":304443,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"arXiv: Optics\",\"volume\":\"5 4\",\"pages\":\"0\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2020-08-09\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"10\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"arXiv: Optics\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0024619\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"arXiv: Optics","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0024619","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
Photon-avalanche-like upconversion in NdAl3(BO3)4 nanoparticles excited at 1064 nm
We report efficient non-resonant ground state excitation at 1064 nm of trivalent neodymium (Nd$^{3+}$) ions in stoichiometric neodymium aluminum borate NdAl$_3$(BO$_3$)$_4$ nanoparticles, which are crystalline and, besides the large content of Nd$^{3+}$ ions, present excellent photoluminescence properties. Up-conversions (UCs) were observed and the energy pathways identified, as starting by multi-phonon assisted ground state absorption ($^4$I$_{9/2}$-$^4$F$_{3/2}$) and excited state absorption ($^4$I$_{11/2}$-$^4$F$_{3/2}$) with the population of the $^4$I$_{11/2}$ level by thermal coupling with the ground state. The excited state $^4$I$_{11/2}$ is also populated by relaxations of the Nd$^{3+}$ ions increasing the population of the $^4$F$_{3/2}$ level. Cross-relaxation among two Nd$^{3+}$ ions ($^4$F$_{3/2}$,$^4$I$_{9/2}$)-($^4$I$_{15/2}$,$^4$I$_{15/2}$) with subsequent phonon emission leads to two ions at the $^4$I$_{11/2}$ level every iteration triggering a photon avalanche mechanism which greatly enhances the efficiency of the UCs. Ladder thermal excitation $^4$F$_{3/2}$-[$^4$F$_{5/2}$,$^2$H$_{9/2}$]-[$^4$F$_{7/2}$,$^4$S$_{3/2}$]-$^4$F$_{9/2}$ was achieved, and the ground state relaxation from these levels provided emission at 880 nm, 810 nm, 750 nm, and 690 nm, respectively. Energy transfer UCs (Auger) between Nd$^{3+}$ ions at the $^4$F$_{3/2}$ level allowed the population of the [$^2$G$_{3/2}$,$^4$G$_{7/2}$] from which relaxations to the $^4$I$_{9/2}$, $^4$I$_{11/2}$, and $^4$I$_{13/2}$ states provided emissions around 536 nm, 600 nm, and 660 nm, respectively. Associated with the nonradiative relaxations, we observed the heating of the nanoparticles (22 {\deg}C to 240 {\deg}C) with subsequent thermal enhancement of the frequency UCs due to the redistribution of population among coupled energy levels of the Nd$^{3+}$ ions.