Regulating the Energy Transition: FERC and Cost-Benefit Analysis

The energy system is in the midst of a transition.  Technological advances and growing public concern about global climate change are leading to a substantial change in the production and use of energy resources, including from natural gas, wind turbines, solar photovoltaics, battery storage, and demand response.  The success of this transition will depend on the considered deployment of energy infrastructure and reform of the rules that govern the operation of the electric system. One federal agency—the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)—is responsible both for approving key energy infrastructure projects and for overseeing the operation of electric markets, and so will play a critical role in guiding the transformation of the energy system while maintaining its reliability and affordability.  This Article argues that FERC’s management of this transition would be significantly enhanced if it embraced cost-benefit analysis—including accounting for important indirect costs and benefits, such as the effect on climate change—to guide its decision making.  While many other federal agencies have adopted the use of cost-benefit analysis, FERC has been a significant laggard.   This Article explains that changing course and cost-benefit analysis will allow FERC to manage the energy transition while maximizing social welfare, enhancing transparency and accountability, and mitigating legal and political risk.  The Article does so by focusing on two of FERC’s most significant responsibilities—approval of electric market rules and of natural gas infrastructure certificates.  For each, the Article evaluates FERC’s current approach to decision making, concludes that FERC has the statutory authority to use cost-benefit analysis, and identifies relevant costs and benefits that FERC can consider and the economic tools available to do so.