Proteins Containing Nonnatural Amino Acids

Introduction Historical Outline Extension of Amino Acids Chemical Aminoacylation Extension of Codons (Four-base Codons) Adaptability of Four-base Codons in the Ribosome System and Extension to Five-base Codons Nonnatural Base Pairs for Codon Extension In-vitro Protein Synthesis in the Presence of tRNAs that are Amino-acylated with Nonnatural Amino Acids Purification and Identification of Nonnatural Mutants Multiple Incorporation of Nonnatural amino acids by using Different Orthogonal Four-base Codons Mutants that Contain a Single Nonnatural Amino Acid at Random Positions Combination of In-vitro Synthesis and Chemical Synthesis for Screening Nonnatural Mutants and for Large-scale Production In-vivo Synthesis of Nonnatural Mutants Examples of Specialty Functions of Nonnatural Mutants Fluorescence Labeling Electron Transfers Inside Protein Frameworks Outlook and Perspectives Acknowledgments Keywords: nonnatural amino acids; chemical aminoacylation; codon extension; four-base codons; nonnatural base pairs; in-vitro protein synthesis; random insertion/deletion mutagenesis; fluorescence labeling; electron transfer