二十世纪乌克兰难民问题解决与人口交换的法律规制:历史回顾与现代视野

Volodymyr Makarchuk
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引用次数: 0

摘要

20世纪的特点是大规模的人口迁移——在世界范围内,在两次世界大战中幸存下来的欧洲,特别是在乌克兰。不幸的是,这些移徙过程伴随着大量难民。由于选择,相当多的人口群体半自愿地离开了他们通常居住的地方。显然,在大多数情况下,如果没有具有适当的国际法律和国内法律基础的国家机构的干预,这些成千上万人口的流动是不会发生的。本文研究了乌克兰的移民过程,主要是在两次世界大战期间。审议了规定公民身份选择的国际法律文件(1939-1940年苏德协议,战后与波兰和捷克斯洛伐克政府达成的协议等)以及规定“内部”移民的立法规定。文章指出,在某些情况下,人口的迁移不受有关的州际协定的管制,在现代乌克兰境内留下了罗马尼亚人(布科维纳的赫察区)和匈牙利人(别列霍夫区和扎卡尔帕提亚的其他地区)的大片飞地。后一种情况在某种程度上使我们国家与匈牙利之间的关系复杂化,匈牙利由维克托·欧尔班(Viktor Orban)的强大政府统治。作者认为,20世纪的历史经验机械地不适用于现代条件,但国内立法者在解决2014 - 2002年俄罗斯侵略的后果时可以考虑某些方面。反对主权国家乌克兰。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Legal regulation of the solutions to refugees’ issues and population exchange in Ukraine of the xx century: historical retrospective and modern vision
XX century was marked by large population migrations – in the world in general, in Europe, which survived two world wars, and in Ukraine in particular. Unfortunately, these migration processes were accompanied by a large number of refugees. Significant groups of the population have been leaving their usual places of residence semi-voluntarily, as a result of optation. It is obvious that in most cases these movements of thousands of masses of the population did not happen without the interference of state institutions with the appropriate regulatory and legal basis – both of international legal and domestic origin. The paper studies the migration processes in Ukraine, primarily during the two World Wars. Both international legal documents which regulated the choice of citizenship (Soviet-German agreements of 1939–1940, agreements with the post-war Polish and Czechoslovak governments, etc.), as well as legislative provisions which regulated migration at the «internal» level, were considered. The article notes that in certain cases migrations of the population were not regulated by relevant interstate agreements, which left large enclaves of Romanian (Hertsa district in Bukovyna) and Hungarian (Berehove district and other lands of Zakarpattia) within modern Ukraine. The latter circumstance in some way complicates relations between our state and Hungary, which is governed by the great-power government of Viktor Orban. The author expresses the view that the historical experience of the XX century is mechanically inapplicable to modern conditions, but certain aspects can be considered by domestic legislators when settling the consequences of the Russian aggression of 2014–202? against sovereign Ukraine.
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