Investigation on the cutaneous/proprioceptive contribution to the force sensation induced by electrical stimulation above tendon

A method to present force sensation based on electrical stimulation to the tendon has been suggested, and the occurrence of the sensation was considered due to the contribution of proprioceptors such as Golgi tendon organs. However, there was no clear evidence about the contributing receptors and because the method uses percutaneous electrical stimulation, there are other candidates, the cutaneous receptors. In this paper, we conducted experiments to determine whether the force sensation generated by this method is due to cutaneous sensation or proprioception, by changing the effective depth of electrical stimulation with electrodes spacing. As a result, it was shown that when the electrical stimulation could reach to deep tissue receptors, the force sensation was felt clearer, suggesting possible contribution of the proprioceptor.