美国和欧洲货运铁路:重要的差异

Andrade Furtado, Francisco Manuel Bastos
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引用次数: 12

摘要

本文考察了美国(U.S.)和欧洲(EU27)货运铁路之间的差异。将对影响铁路模式份额的内在或结构性因素进行评估。研究发现,几乎所有模式份额的差异都可以用结构性或内在差异来解释,如非地面模式的竞争力、运输距离(两者都受到地理位置的影响)和商品组合(即煤炭)。更引人注目的是生产率的差异,要把同样数量的货物运输7次,欧洲需要的火车比美国多。欧洲每吨英里的运营收入大约是欧洲的两倍,而美国的运营费用则是欧洲的四分之一。有人认为,欧盟27国设定类似于美国的模式份额目标是不现实的。欧洲货运铁路的一个关键问题应该是通过增加列车尺寸来降低运营成本。二战后的几年里,铁路危机得到了不同的政策答案。1980年美国引入改革后不久,该行业就复苏了。在欧洲,情况并非如此,基础设施融资或网络投资与运营需求协调方面的问题依然存在。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
U.S. and European Freight Railways: The Differences That Matter
This paper examines the differences between the United States (U.S.) and European (EU27) freight railways. The inherent or structural factors influencing the railways modal share will be evaluated. It was found that nearly all of the disparity in modal share can be explained by structural or inherent differences, like the competitiveness of non-surface modes, shipment distances (both influenced by geography), and commodity mix (namely, coal). More striking are the differences in productivity, to move the same number of tons seven times, more trains are required in Europe compared with the U.S.. Operational revenues per ton-mile are around two times higher in Europe, while the operational expenses in the U.S. are four times lower than in Europe. It is argued that setting a goal for modal share similar to the U.S. is not realistic for the EU27. A key concern for European freight railways should be the reduction of operational costs, by increasing the trains’ sizes. Distinct policy answers were given to the railroads’ crisis in the post WWII years. Soon after 1980 when reforms were introduced in the U.S. there was a revival of the sector. The same has not happened in Europe, where questions regarding infrastructure financing or the coordination of network investments and operational needs remain.
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