墨西哥地形的地貌分类:基于密度水平曲线和地形能量的地貌近似

Q3 Social Sciences
José R. Hernández Santana , José L. Pérez Damián , Fernando Rosete Vergés , Mariano Villalobos Delgado , Ana P. Méndez Linares , Elda Navarro Salas
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Thus, this article aims to provide detailed information on analytical geomorphological methods and interpretations of morphography and energy for Mexico’s relief, considering two calculations according to unit area: density contour (km/km<sup>2</sup>) and maximum difference of heights (m/km<sup>2</sup>) - both relief índices -, with the support of GIS ArcView, ArcGIS, and ArcInfo software. A review of existing national atlases revealed that not all countries have morphometric data on their reliefs. Indeed, mapping of this type was only found, in chronological order, in the National Atlas of Cuba (1970), the Atlas of the Slovak Socialist Republic (Slovak Cartography (1983), the National Atlas of Hungary (Geographic Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1989), the New National Atlas of Cuba (1989), and the National Atlas of Mexico (1990), all on a small scale. In other national atlases, there are only hypsometric and slope steepness maps. The stages for mapping the geomorphometric units of Mexico’s relief were: (1) Construction of the morphographic map: a) Calculation of density contours, b) Data analysis and reclassification, c) Spatial generalization by minimum mappable area, and d) Smoothing of geographic limits; (2) Obtaining a relief ’s energy map: a) Construction of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), b) Calculations for the relief ’s energy map, c) Data reclassification, and d) Spatial generalization; (3) Production of a map of the relief ’s geomorphometric units: a) Overlaying of the morphographic and relief ’s energy maps, b) Spatial statistics, and c) Map of geomorphometric relief units: and 4) Definition, according to morphographic contour, of the two predominant classes of the relief ’s energy. 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An analysis of this country’s territory reveals that very highly dissected mountainous relief, with dissection values ranging from 501 to 1 300 m/km<sup>2</sup>, evidences a monolithic location pattern associated with major breakups due to erosion in the central portion of the Sierra Madre Occidental and, in a more isolated way, in its southern portion; in the central sector of the Sierra Madre del Sur in the State of Guerrero; in the sierras of Miahuatlán and Juárez, in the State of Oaxaca; and in very scattered sectors of the southwestern part of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and the Sierra Madre Oriental. These orogenic regions have land areas characterized by greater ascending widths and intensities in terms of neotectonic movements responsible for the formation of Mexico’s modern relief. In contrast, morphometric units belonging to the vertical dissection category from 21 to 50 m/km<sup>2</sup> exhibit moderately dissected, hilly relief typical of high and mid plains formed by a weaker neotectonic process. Lastly, morphometric units with dissection values between 0 and 20 m/km<sup>2</sup> stretch along the plains of the coastal states on the Gulf of Mexico, including karstified plains in the Yucatán Peninsula. Units in this category also stretch along the coastal plains of the Baja California Peninsula, the states of Sonora and Sinaloa, and the Pacific Coast in the State of Chiapas. They can also be found in isolated patches on the coastal plains of the Sierra Madre del Sur, on the plains of the Central Mexican Plateau, and along depressed areas of the Trans-Mexican Neovolcanic Belt, where they occupy countless graben depressions, as well as among volcanic edifices throughout the region. The present methodology for determining geomorphometric unities in Mexico’s relief at a scale of 1:250 000, supported by a GIS platform, using density contours as the morphographic parameter for the country’s relief, provided rather precise results consistent with the relief ’s mathematical-statistical and geomorphological realities. 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A review of existing national atlases revealed that not all countries have morphometric data on their reliefs. Indeed, mapping of this type was only found, in chronological order, in the National Atlas of Cuba (1970), the Atlas of the Slovak Socialist Republic (Slovak Cartography (1983), the National Atlas of Hungary (Geographic Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1989), the New National Atlas of Cuba (1989), and the National Atlas of Mexico (1990), all on a small scale. In other national atlases, there are only hypsometric and slope steepness maps. 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The morphographic map (density of contours in km/km<sup>2</sup>) shows nine range classes: less than 1.0, from 1.0 to 2.0, from 2.1 to 3, from 3.1 to 4, from 4.1 to 5, from 5.1 to 6, from 6.1 to 7, from 7.1 to 8.0, and more than 8.0. On the other hand, the map of the relief ’s energy has 9 ranges (m/km<sup>2</sup>): less than 10.0, from 10.1 to 20.0, from 20.1 to 50.0, from 50.1 to 100.0, from 100.1 to 200.0, from 200.1 to 300.0, from 300.1 to 400.0, from 400.1 to 500.0, and over 500.0. 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引用次数: 2

摘要

目前,地形地貌学研究和数字测绘是划分自然合成单元的重要地貌学平台,对领土组织、农业用地优化、聚落人口微定位、森林规划甚至军事战略规划等应用研究以及许多社会和生产事业都不可或缺。因此,本文的目的是在GIS ArcView、ArcGIS和ArcInfo软件的支持下,根据单位面积考虑两种计算方法:密度等高线(km/km2)和最大高度差(m/km2)(均为浮雕índices),提供有关分析地貌学方法和墨西哥地形和能量解释的详细信息。对现有国家地图集的审查表明,并非所有国家都有关于其地形的形态计量学数据。事实上,这种类型的地图按时间顺序只在《古巴国家地图集》(1970年)、《斯洛伐克社会主义共和国地图集》(斯洛伐克制图学(1983年)、《匈牙利国家地图集》(匈牙利科学院地理研究所(1989年))、《新古巴国家地图集》(1989年)和《墨西哥国家地图集》(1990年)中发现,所有这些地图都是小比例尺的。在其他国家地图集中,只有斜度图和坡度图。绘制墨西哥地貌单元的阶段为:(1)构造地形图;(a)计算密度等高线;(b)数据分析与重新分类;(c)最小可测面积空间概化;(2)获取地形能量图:a)数字高程模型(DEM)构建,b)地形能量图计算,c)数据重分类,d)空间概化;(3)制作地形地貌单元图:a)地貌与地形能量图的叠加;b)空间统计;c)地形地貌单元图;4)根据地形等高线,确定地形能量的两种主要类型。地形图(等高线密度单位:km/km2)显示了小于1.0、1.0 ~ 2.0、2.1 ~ 3、3.1 ~ 4、4.1 ~ 5、5.1 ~ 6、6.1 ~ 7、7.1 ~ 8.0、8.0以上9个等级。另一方面,地形能量图有9个范围(m/km2):小于10.0,从10.1到20.0,从20.1到50.0,从50.1到100.0,从100.1到200.0,从200.1到300.0,从300.1到400.0,从400.1到500.0,超过500.0。对该国领土的分析表明,高度切割的山地地形,切割值从501到1300米/平方公里,证明了一个整体的位置模式,与西马德雷山脉中部和南部的侵蚀造成的主要断裂有关,以一种更孤立的方式;格雷罗州南部马德雷山脉中部地区;在瓦哈卡州的Miahuatlán和Juárez山脉;以及恰帕斯马德雷山脉西南部和东方马德雷山脉的零星地区。这些造山区的陆地区域具有更大的上升宽度和强度,就新构造运动而言,它们负责形成墨西哥的现代地形。与此相反,在21 ~ 50 m/km2的垂直解剖范畴内,形态单元表现为中度解剖的丘陵地形,典型的由较弱的新构造过程形成的高原和中部平原。最后,解剖值在0到20 m/km2之间的形态计量单元沿着墨西哥湾沿岸各州的平原延伸,包括Yucatán半岛的岩溶平原。这一类别的单位也沿着下加利福尼亚半岛的沿海平原,索诺拉州和锡那罗亚州以及恰帕斯州的太平洋沿岸延伸。它们也可以在南部马德雷山脉的沿海平原、墨西哥中部高原的平原和跨墨西哥新火山带的洼地上发现,在那里它们占据了无数的地堑洼地,以及整个地区的火山大厦。目前确定墨西哥地形统一性的方法以1:25万为比例尺,在地理信息系统平台的支持下,使用密度等高线作为该国地形的形态参数,提供了与地形的数学统计和地貌现实相一致的相当精确的结果。以1:25万比例尺绘制的墨西哥地形图包含了122张地形图,代表了地形、地貌(地形能量)和地形等不同层次的数据,对编制其他地形图问题具有重要意义。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Clasificación geomorfométrica del relieve mexicano: una aproximación morfográfica por densidad de curvas de nivel y la energía del relieve

At present the geomorphometric studies of relief and the digital mapping are an essential geomorphological platform for delimitation of natural synthetic units, so indispensable to the territorial organization, and others applied researches as the optimization of agricultural land use, microlocalization of settlement human, designation of forest programs and even for military strategic plans, among many social and productive utilities. Thus, this article aims to provide detailed information on analytical geomorphological methods and interpretations of morphography and energy for Mexico’s relief, considering two calculations according to unit area: density contour (km/km2) and maximum difference of heights (m/km2) - both relief índices -, with the support of GIS ArcView, ArcGIS, and ArcInfo software. A review of existing national atlases revealed that not all countries have morphometric data on their reliefs. Indeed, mapping of this type was only found, in chronological order, in the National Atlas of Cuba (1970), the Atlas of the Slovak Socialist Republic (Slovak Cartography (1983), the National Atlas of Hungary (Geographic Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1989), the New National Atlas of Cuba (1989), and the National Atlas of Mexico (1990), all on a small scale. In other national atlases, there are only hypsometric and slope steepness maps. The stages for mapping the geomorphometric units of Mexico’s relief were: (1) Construction of the morphographic map: a) Calculation of density contours, b) Data analysis and reclassification, c) Spatial generalization by minimum mappable area, and d) Smoothing of geographic limits; (2) Obtaining a relief ’s energy map: a) Construction of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), b) Calculations for the relief ’s energy map, c) Data reclassification, and d) Spatial generalization; (3) Production of a map of the relief ’s geomorphometric units: a) Overlaying of the morphographic and relief ’s energy maps, b) Spatial statistics, and c) Map of geomorphometric relief units: and 4) Definition, according to morphographic contour, of the two predominant classes of the relief ’s energy. The morphographic map (density of contours in km/km2) shows nine range classes: less than 1.0, from 1.0 to 2.0, from 2.1 to 3, from 3.1 to 4, from 4.1 to 5, from 5.1 to 6, from 6.1 to 7, from 7.1 to 8.0, and more than 8.0. On the other hand, the map of the relief ’s energy has 9 ranges (m/km2): less than 10.0, from 10.1 to 20.0, from 20.1 to 50.0, from 50.1 to 100.0, from 100.1 to 200.0, from 200.1 to 300.0, from 300.1 to 400.0, from 400.1 to 500.0, and over 500.0. An analysis of this country’s territory reveals that very highly dissected mountainous relief, with dissection values ranging from 501 to 1 300 m/km2, evidences a monolithic location pattern associated with major breakups due to erosion in the central portion of the Sierra Madre Occidental and, in a more isolated way, in its southern portion; in the central sector of the Sierra Madre del Sur in the State of Guerrero; in the sierras of Miahuatlán and Juárez, in the State of Oaxaca; and in very scattered sectors of the southwestern part of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and the Sierra Madre Oriental. These orogenic regions have land areas characterized by greater ascending widths and intensities in terms of neotectonic movements responsible for the formation of Mexico’s modern relief. In contrast, morphometric units belonging to the vertical dissection category from 21 to 50 m/km2 exhibit moderately dissected, hilly relief typical of high and mid plains formed by a weaker neotectonic process. Lastly, morphometric units with dissection values between 0 and 20 m/km2 stretch along the plains of the coastal states on the Gulf of Mexico, including karstified plains in the Yucatán Peninsula. Units in this category also stretch along the coastal plains of the Baja California Peninsula, the states of Sonora and Sinaloa, and the Pacific Coast in the State of Chiapas. They can also be found in isolated patches on the coastal plains of the Sierra Madre del Sur, on the plains of the Central Mexican Plateau, and along depressed areas of the Trans-Mexican Neovolcanic Belt, where they occupy countless graben depressions, as well as among volcanic edifices throughout the region. The present methodology for determining geomorphometric unities in Mexico’s relief at a scale of 1:250 000, supported by a GIS platform, using density contours as the morphographic parameter for the country’s relief, provided rather precise results consistent with the relief ’s mathematical-statistical and geomorphological realities. The cartographic expression at a 1:250 000 scale included 122 map sheets of Mexico representing several different levels of data, as morphographical, morphometric (relief ’s energy) and topographic, all of great significance for the preparation of other issues geomorphological mapping.

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来源期刊
Investigaciones Geograficas
Investigaciones Geograficas Social Sciences-Geography, Planning and Development
CiteScore
0.70
自引率
0.00%
发文量
53
审稿时长
24 weeks
期刊介绍: Investigaciones Geográficas, es una revista arbitrada y de circulación internacional, en donde se publican contribuciones de especialistas en geografía y disciplinas afines, con trabajos originales de investigación, ya sean avances teóricos, nuevas tecnologías o estudios de caso sobre la realidad geográfica mexicana y mundial.
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