汉语的句末助词

V. Pan
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引用次数: 2

摘要

汉语有丰富的句末助词系统。传统的语法和描述语言学研究试图捕捉每个小词的精确语义解释和话语功能。与此相关的许多工作都试图找出给定SFP的核心语义解释是什么,给定SFP的不同解释是如何从其核心解释发展而来的,以及在什么情况下使用给定SFP是合法的。来自不同学科的语言学家进行了重要的观察,并给出了不同的解释。另一方面,历时性研究追溯了每一种SFP的起源和演变,有助于理解现代汉语SFP的核心语义。对不同汉语方言的研究也有助于从比较的角度理解汉语方言的意义和功能。在生成框架下,SFPs被分析为位于外围域的互补体。传统语法学家和生成语法家都对某种模式感兴趣,比如当SFPs同时出现时必须显示的严格顺序。他们试图建立SFPs的等级秩序,并确定规范这种秩序的一般原则。最近的研究表明,这种秩序是由一种与主体性相关的话语约束来调节的,根据这种约束,一个功能投射的位置越高,它与说话人的态度的联系就越直接,对它的解释就越主观,它被嵌入的可能性就越小。这个约束解释了为什么只有一些sftp可以出现在嵌入子句中,而其他的则显示根属性。语法家也对如何推导出SFPs的最终顺序的问题感兴趣。两种分析是可用的:分离分析和补充说明符提高分析。最近的一个发现是,在极简框架下,每个SFP都领导一个阶段,并具有EPP特征。作为满足扩展投影原则(EPP)的最后手段,需要对说明符进行补充。SFP的补码被移动到相位边缘,以推迟嵌入补码中的短语的转移,从而允许稍后提取这些短语。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Sentence-Final Particles in Chinese
Chinese has a rich system of Sentence-Final Particles (SFPs). Traditional grammar and descriptive linguistic studies attempt to capture the precise semantic interpretation and the discourse function of each particle. Much work related to this aspect tries to find out what the core semantic interpretation of a given SFP is, how the diverse interpretations of a given SFP are developed from its core interpretation, and in what context the use of a given SFP is licit. Linguists from different disciplines have made important observations and offered various explanations. On the other hand, diachronic studies trace the origin and the evolution of each SFP, which helps understand the core semantics of SFPs in modern Chinese. Studies on different Chinese dialects also help the understanding of the meaning and the function of SFPs from a comparative perspective. Under the generative framework, SFPs are analyzed as complementizers, which are located in the peripheral domain. Both traditional grammarians and generative syntacticians are interested in patterns like the rigid order that necessarily shows whenever SFPs co-occur. They attempt to establish the hierarchical order of SFPs and identify the general principle that regulates such an order. Recent studies show that such an order is regulated by a discourse constraint related to subjectivity, according to which the higher a functional projection is located, the more directly it is for such a projection to be linked to the speaker’s attitude, the more subjective the interpretation of such a projection becomes, and the less likely it is for such a projection to be embedded. This constraint offers an explanation to the question of why only some SFPs can appear in embedded clauses whereas the others demonstrate root properties. Syntacticians are also interested in the question of how to derive the final order of SFPs. Two analyses are available: disjunction analysis and complement-to-specifier raising analysis. A more recent finding is that under the minimalist framework, each SFP heads a phase and bears an EPP feature. Complement-to-specifier raising is required as a last resort to satisfy the Extended Projection Principle (EPP). The complement of an SFP is moved to the phase edge to postpone the transfer of the phrases that are embedded within the complement, which allows these phrases to be extracted later.
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