依赖随机环境中的渗透

J. Jonasson, Elchanan Mossel, Y. Peres
{"title":"依赖随机环境中的渗透","authors":"J. Jonasson, Elchanan Mossel, Y. Peres","doi":"10.1002/1098-2418(200007)16:4%3C333::AID-RSA3%3E3.0.CO;2-C","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Draw planes in R3 that are orthogonal to the x axis, and intersect the x axis at the points of a Poisson process with intensity λ; similarly, draw planes orthogonal to the y and z axes using independent Poisson processes (with the same intensity). Taken together, these planes naturally define a randomly stretched rectangular lattice. Consider bond percolation on this lattice where each edge of length is open with probability e−, and these events are independent given the edge lengths. We show that this model exhibits a phase transition: for large enough λ there is an infinite open cluster a.s., and for small λ all open clusters are finite a.s. We prove this result using the method of paths with exponential intersection tails, which is not applicable in two dimensions. The question whether the analogous process in the plane exhibits a phase transition is open. Disciplines Statistics and Probability This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/statistics_papers/434 ! \" # $ $ &% '( )* %+ , -/.1032/45-/.1432/676 .14 8 9;:<0=2/432/4?>?.1676 @A9 B,CEDF2/9HG#@AI @A6 J 032/9;KL@MI76ON 4=PQD1@AI 6 PQR ST./U#V#@A:<0=4=.19W.1X/S(2F4=Y5Z*@M[=I7@A\\]N*4=PWD/@MI76 PWR S^./U -/@AI C=6 2/9;@AK _3@M[=I7C32/I`S(aEbdc/e/e1e f*gEh7i`j<kmlni o#prqtsvuxwyqnzm{7| }~zO €‚ ƒ\u0085„xq†ƒ qnp\u0085{H‡Apˆƒ‰„m‡nŠA‡nzxqnw‹ƒ\u0085‡ ƒ‰„m{‚Œ q<‹}Ž|`Mq†zxO}~zMƒ\u0085{7p‰|\u0085{7‘ ƒdƒ\u0085„x{‚Œ q†‹}y| q<ƒ ƒ\u0085„m{&u/‡n}yzMƒ‰|‚‡†’dqO“=‡n}Ž|‰|ˆ‡Az ump‰‡‹‘ { |\u0085|”sH}~ƒ\u0085„•}yzMƒ\u0085{7zx|ˆ}~ƒ—–™˜ š1|ˆ}y›œ}~wŽq†p‰wy–nFmp‰qts5umwŽq†zm{ |H‡np\u0085ƒ\u0085„m‡AŠn‡Azxq†w ƒ\u0085‡&ƒ‰„m{žŸq†zx ¡q†‹{7| ¢x|ˆ}yzmŠ }~zxm{`u/{`zx‹{7zMƒH“=‡A}y|‰|\u0085‡nzŸump‰‡‹‘ {7|‰|\u0085{7|‚£QsH}¤ƒ‰„*ƒ‰„m{ž|\u0085qn›¡{¥}yzAƒ‰{`zx|\u0085}~ƒ—–‹¦ § ̈ qn©n{`z(ƒ\u0085‡nŠA{ ƒ‰„m{`p Hƒ\u0085„x{7|\u0085{aumwŽq†zx{7| zxq<ƒ‰¢mp‰qnw~wy–T‹{ «Fzm{ q prq†zx‹‡A›œw~–T|ˆƒ\u0085p‰{ ƒ‰‘r„x{7Tp‰{7‘ ƒ‰q†zxŠn¢mwŽq†p wyq†ƒˆƒ\u0085}Ž‘ {A§ ¬ ‡nzF|ˆ}Ž‹{`p ­F‡Azx®u/{`pr‘ ‡Awyq†ƒ\u0085}y‡nz ̄‡nz®ƒ‰„m}Ž|,wŽq<ƒ\u0085ƒ\u0085}Ž‘ {*sH„x{`p‰{O{7qA‘r„®{7‹ŠA{O‡†’ wy{`zmŠnƒ\u0085„®°Ÿ}Ž| ‡nu/{`z¡sH}¤ƒ‰„¡uxp\u0085‡A­xq†­m}ywy}¤ƒ—–,±A2F3`Aqnzx ƒ\u0085„m{ |ˆ{”{` ́A{`zMƒ‰|3qnp\u0085{”}yzx‹{7uF{7zx‹{`zMƒdŠA}~ ́A{`z ƒ\u0085„m{H{ ‹Šn{”wy{`zmŠnƒ\u0085„x|7§ μa{¥|ˆ„m‡<svƒ‰„xq<ƒ ƒ\u0085„m}Ž|d›œ‡‹‹{`w/{ ‹„m}y­m}~ƒ‰| q&um„Fqn|\u0085{Hƒ\u0085prq†zx|\u0085}~ƒ\u0085}y‡nz ¶·’ ̧‡np wyqnp\u0085ŠA{H{`zm‡A¢mŠn„*˜Oƒ\u0085„m{7p\u0085{#}y| q†z }~z‹«Fzm}¤ƒ‰{,‡AuF{7z•‘ wy¢x|—ƒ‰{`p¥qm§ |`§yFqnzx$’ ̧‡np‚|\u0085›Ÿq†wywE˜aq†wyw·‡AuF{7z•‘ wy¢x|—ƒ‰{`pr| q†p‰{ž«xzm}~ƒ\u0085{¡qm§ |`§”μ {,ump‰‡< ́n{ ƒ\u0085„m}Ž| p‰{7|\u0085¢mw¤ƒ&¢F|ˆ}yzmŠ ƒ\u0085„x{O›œ{ ƒ\u0085„x‡1 ̄‡n’ ox»<1⁄4 ̧1⁄2M3⁄4O¿3ÀÁ1⁄4 ̧1⁄2 Â\u0085à oxÄ<Å/Â`Åx1⁄4;ÀQ»<Æ ÀÁÅx1⁄4Ç Èr3⁄4`ÂrÉ 1⁄4;ÀQÄ<Å 1⁄4Ê»†ÀÁÆË3⁄4 =sH„m}y‘r„ ̄}Ž| zm‡†ƒžq†umumwy}Ž‘`q†­xw~{ }~z̃—s ‡$‹}~›œ{7zx|ˆ}y‡nzF|`§ ̈”„m{¡ÍA¢x{7|ˆƒ\u0085}y‡nz•sH„m{`ƒ\u0085„m{7p¥ƒ\u0085„m{œq†zxqnw~‡AŠn‡A¢x|Hump‰‡‹‘ {7|‰|#}~z ƒ\u0085„m{ umwŽq†zx{¥{`‹„m}~­x}¤ƒr| q¡um„xqn|\u0085{¥ƒ\u0085prq†zx|\u0085}~ƒ\u0085}y‡nz$}y|”‡AuF{7z § Î Ï ÐœÑEÒ3ÓOÔ•Õ Ö Ñ3× Ó Ð ØdÙ<ÚÜÛÞÝàߗáHâ ã ä•å=Ùvæèç‹é`æ1ê ë3ì&æ‹í îðï ñòê ê=ómï Ù®Ú ë æ1Ú Ú ëòÙvنîòç‹Ù†ï ̄æ1é Ù^ô ̧æ1å=نôÁنîöõ,÷ ̧Ú ë\"ß;ê=ómï ï ÷Áå ôÁø îòÙ<ê=نí îòنíFÚ7äOé`æ‹í îòómùûú1æ1é`÷ ̧æ1å·ôÁنïÌü†ý•þnÿnþ #ì‚Ú æ /÷ ̧í çvú1æ‹ô ̧ñòنï$÷ ̧í 1â TÙ <æ‹ô ̧ô¥Ú ëòÙ tómô ̧ôÁÙ tÚ ÷ ̧ómí ü†ý þ ÿ þ Ú ëòÙ ! \" # $mìŸæ‹í î% tómí ï ÷ ̧îòÙ<é ÷ ̧í îòÙ<ê=نí îòنíFÚ êEÙ<é& tómô ̧æ1Ú ÷Áómí3ì$ü ' þ ÿ þ( ìO÷Qí Ú ëòÙ é`æ‹í î ómù نíxú1÷Áé ómí·ù™Ù†íxڜü†ý þ ÿ) +* ó‹é ÙOê é`Ù <÷ ̧ï نôÁøaõ#Ù*î ó™Ú ëòÙ-,WómôQôÁónõ,÷Qíòç/. 021 æ ‹Ù*æÌï æ‹ù™ê·ôÁٟó3, Ú ëòÙOú1æ1é`÷ ̧æ1å ôÁنï¡ü†ý þ ÿ æ3 4 tó‹é7î ÷ ̧íòç™Ú óaÚ ëòن÷Áé!5 óm÷ ̧íxÚ&î·÷ ̧ï Ú é`÷Áå ñòÚ ÷Áómí6 087 Ù<Ú Ù†æ3 `ë نîòç‹ÙŸó‹ê=نíèß:9<;>=?;A@3ï Ù<ÚB' þ ÝC nä¥õ,÷ÁÚ ë ̄ê·é ó‹å·æ1å·÷ ̧ôQ÷Áڈø•ý þ æ‹í î <ôÁómï نîèß:9D;D= ;Qì/' þ Ý xä ó‹Ú ëòÙ<é õ,÷ ̧ï ًì ÷ ̧í îòÙ<ê=نí îòنíFÚ ôÁøE,;ó‹é,æ‹ô ̧ô=نîòç‹Ù†ï FHG # I # JLK<J M =4N¥Û ÝPORQTSVU WYX Z%[/;]\\ ^ =VW =_=(`39 a N>aEbdcLe f_g(=4Wih·ßDX1äkjl ma&eLnV^]N>^#b3No9 Spb3c =VcIq?9>WrU cIfs=4cIN#ü†ý þ ÿ þ( t#u aVb)ND9va>wx= a y z|{ ï ñ ê þ E} ý ~6 þ j8h·ßDX1ä(~6 € y‚ƒ{\u0085„ U W†b cL‡sU W 9<=4cINˆ= ‰-Š b3N>^s‹Œ9 c O Q b3c ‰_b cI‡_n(U >A=(n ND9<U c]U‚SŽ8‰ 9 a ND9>c n?N= ‰ #= a ü’‘(“1ÿ ” “ •  U cm‹+@ N>^ =pn(U W W = a Š/U c ‰ 9>c–dq b W 9Db—g4A=VaOü†ý þD˜ ÿ ” “ •  b W =™9 c ‰—=šŠ/=4c ‰—=4cIN ; N>^ =4cƒb);›aV;›@6N>^/=VW =œ= `)9vaVN>ab cE9>c wžcI9>Nˆ=oU3W&9 =VcINˆ=(‰xŠ/=4Wrn&U Ab3ND9DU3c n Ÿe#a Nˆ=4W ¡^–9Dn4^†9vaxNDWrb cLa&9 =VcIN3S4U W+a&9>fœŠ A= W‚b c ‰)U f¢ +b Ÿ£ ; ß 1 ëòÙÌó‹é`÷ÁنíFÚ Ù†î <ô ̧ñ ï Ú Ù<é*ó3, æ®ú‹Ù<é Ú ÙV¤ ¥^÷ ̧ïŸÚ ë ÙÌñ í ÷Áómí(ó3,žæ‹ôQôHó‹ê=نíTó‹é`÷ÁنíFÚ Ù†î(ê·æ1Ú ë·ïOنù•æ‹í æ1Ú ÷Qíòç ,;é ómù¦¥I ~ä ’ L JLK 9 q3=Vc j 2j @-n&U c/a&9<‰—=4Wmb]W‚b c ‰)U f =4cLq?9>W‚U cLf_=VcINka4b3ND9va>S&‡ 9>c– N>^ = 9 c ‰—=:Š/=Vc ‰–=Vc n =ƒn&U c ‰ 9DND9<U c dUrSpN>^ =_N>^ = U3W‚=4f™@œa&eLnV^\u0085N>^#b3N _ ý þ ”Ý S4U W 1â Yb c ‰ ‘ ãƒ;! S_X Z [ b c ‰ #\" ßr %$ h·ßDX1ä ä(~64@EN>^/=Vc%b);›aV;†N>^ =VW = =(`39 a N>a]b NDW‚b c/a 9<=4cIN_U W 9<=4cINˆ= ‰ Š/=4Wrn&U  b)ND9DU c n4 e#a Nˆ=VW4; T 6 '&)( } ý ~6 þ žÝ *  +-, ~6. , ~6 X , Ý/ 01ß1 2$ nä â”ï ó tómí î·÷ÁÚ ÷Áómí ß 3ŸäŸë ómô ̧î ïOê·é ónú1÷ ̧îòنîèÚ ë æ1Ú 2\" ßr 4$ h ßDX/ä ä(~64 5 6 ómí·ï ÷ ̧îòÙ<é!XŸ÷ ̧í îòÙ<ê=نí îòنíFÚ87 óm÷ ̧ï ï ómí$ê=óm÷ ̧íFÚdê é ó tنï ï نï õ,÷ ̧Ú ëOê·æ1é`æ‹ù•Ù<Ú Ù<é 1 ëòُX:9 ,WómôQî 6 æ1é`Ú Ù;9 ï ÷ ̧æ‹íÜê é ó1î ñL tÚ ó3,”Ú ëòنï ÙOê=óm÷ ̧íFڞê é ó tنï ï نï<ì·õ,÷ÁÚ ë®Ú ëòÙ ï Ú æ‹í î æ1é`îÜê é ó1î ñL tÚ æ‹î 5 æ3 tنíL tø®é نô ̧æ1Ú ÷Áómídì ÷ ̧ï æ^ç‹é`æ1ê·ë ÷ ̧ï ómù™ó‹é ê·ë ÷v •Ú ó O Q Ú ë æ1ڙõ#Ù ̄é Ù4,;Ù<é™Ú ó(æ‹ï™æ=< a NDW =4N n4^ = ‰\"Ab3N<ND9Dn =?> 7 Ù<ڙæ‹í نîòç‹Ù|‘ ̄ó3, ôÁنíòç‹Ú ëA@ þ ó‹ê=نí•õ,÷ ̧Ú ë•ê é ó‹å æ1å·÷ ̧ô ̧÷ÁÚ\u0085ø*ý þ ÝðÙV¤/ê ßB$C@ þ ä7ì/÷ ̧í·îòÙ<ê=نí îòنíFÚ ôÁø†,;ó‹é#æ‹ô ̧ô·Ù†îòç‹Ù†ï#çm÷Áú‹Ù†íÌÚ ë ن÷Áé ôÁنíòç‹Ú ë·ï4 7 ÷QíL tÙD _ ý•þ E ÝF _ @#þ ZûôÁó‹ç ßr G0 äˆ ™Ý 1ì 6 ó‹é ómôQô ̧æ1é ø IH5æ1ê ê·ô ̧÷ÁنïÌÚ ó?Ú ë·÷ ̧ï ê é ó tنï ï4 KJrí 7 Ù tÚ ÷Áómí [Ìõ¥Ù$ê é ónú‹ÙL7‚é ó‹ê=ómï ÷ÁÚ ÷Áómí][# › 1ì3õ,ë ÷› 7ëLÚ ó‹ç‹Ù<Ú ëòÙ<é*õ,÷ÁÚ ë 6 ó‹é ómô ̧ô ̧æ1é`ø\u0085 IH/ì نïM9 Ú æ1å·ô ̧÷Qï ëòنïŸÚ ë æ1Ú*Ú ë ÷ ̧ïŸê=Ù<é( tómô ̧æ1Ú ÷ ̧ómíTê é ó tنï ïOë æ‹ï æ®ê·ë æ‹ï Ù;9—Ú é`æ‹í ï ÷ÁÚ ÷ ̧ómíT÷ ̧íN OJ‰Ú*÷ ̧ïOíòó‹Ú† /íòóAõ,í(÷A, ï ñL 7ëèæLê·ë æ‹ï Ù•Ú é7æ‹í ï ÷ÁÚ ÷Áómí(ó# 4 <ñòé7ïT,;ó‹éHX^ÝPHèßÊï Ù<Ù 6 ómí 5 Ù tÚ ñòé Ùm[# IHmä& 7 Ù<ÙRQ·çmñ é Ù| •å=نôÁóAõl,;ó‹é æ^ê·÷› tÚ ñ é Ùaó3, Ú ë ÷ ̧ï ê é`ó# tنï ï ÷ ̧íSH^î ÷Qù™Ù†í ï ÷Áómí·ï4 1 ë ÷ ̧ï$ê·÷› tÚ ñ é Ùaõžæ‹ï ê é ó1î ñL tنî ñ ï`÷ ̧íòç^ï ó3,WÚ\u0085õ¥æ1é`Ù õ&é`÷ ̧Ú Ú Ù†í®åFøT3™ 7 tómô ̧í ÷v tónú U WV X J (Y i – [Z) W L$’ > 8$ G \\ ^])_! D \" # a`? > a ' b`4$? —$GZ G c_= /$ $’ Z) Ddƒ $ G ÝeHgfIh 1 ë ÙÜé نï ڕó3,œÚ ëòÙ ê·æ1ê=Ù<é•÷ ̧ï™ó‹é çmæ‹í·÷ji<نî æ‹ïƒ,WómôQôÁónõ,ï 1 ëòÙ<ó‹é نù › L÷ ̧ï•ê é ónú‹Ù†îð÷ ̧í 7 Ù tÚ ÷ ̧ómí H?ú/÷QæèÚ ëòÙTù™Ù<Ú ë ó/îðó3,*ê æ1Ú ë ï õ,÷ÁÚ ëekž` Š/U c =Vc ND9Db l &c Nˆ=VW&a4= n?ND9DU3c \\Ib39 Ÿa ß m J 1 ä& 1 ë ÷ ̧ï ù™Ù<Ú ëòó1î õžæ‹ï ÷QíxÚ é ó1î ñL tنî ÷ ̧í 6 ó ¤ æ‹í·îonœñòé é`Ù<Ú Ú\u0085 ph’ Ÿæ‹ï ̄æèÚ ó/ómôi,Wó‹é å=ómñ í î ÷ ̧í ç té`÷ÁÚ ÷› <æ‹ô,ê é ó‹å·æ1å·÷Qô ̧÷ÁÚ ÷Áنï<ì æ‹í î(î Ù<ú‹Ù†ôÁó‹ê=نî\u0085,;ñòé`Ú ëòÙ<éœåFø\\q¥Ù†í 5 æ‹ùÌ÷ ̧í ÷Çìr7 نù•æ‹íFÚ ôÁÙÌæ‹í îs7 Ù<é نï ÷ ̧í2 [ —ìdõ,ëòó®ñ ï نîT÷ÁÚŸÚ ó®ê é óAú‹Ù Ú é`æ‹í ï`÷ÁنíL tٟó3,”ó‹é`÷ÁنíFÚ Ù†î <ô ̧ñ ï Ú Ù<é`ïo,;ó‹é,÷< ÷< î6 1ê=Ù<é( tómô ̧æ1Ú ÷ ̧ómí6 Jrí 7 Ù tÚ ÷Áómís[¡õ¥Ù&æ‹í æ‹ôÁøgi<Ù Ú ëòÙR< ï Ú é Ù<Ú 7ëòنî•ô ̧æ1Ú Ú ÷v tÙt>Où™Ù†íFÚ ÷Áómíòنî™æ1å=ónú‹Ù‹ì/æ‹í î ÷ ̧í 7 Ù tÚ ÷ÁómívuŸõ¥Ù î ÷ ̧ï( <ñ ï ïžæ‹íòó‹Ú ëòÙ<é&æ1ê ê ô ̧÷› <æ1Ú ÷Áómí ó3, Ú ë ÙŸÚ ëòÙ<ó‹é نù Ú ó™ê é óAú‹ÙŸÚ ëòٟÙV¤ò÷ ̧ï Ú Ù†íL tٜó3,”æ ê ë æ‹ï ÙœÚ é`æ‹í ï ÷ ̧Ú ÷Áómí6","PeriodicalId":303496,"journal":{"name":"Random Struct. Algorithms","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"12","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Percolation in a dependent random environment\",\"authors\":\"J. Jonasson, Elchanan Mossel, Y. Peres\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/1098-2418(200007)16:4%3C333::AID-RSA3%3E3.0.CO;2-C\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Draw planes in R3 that are orthogonal to the x axis, and intersect the x axis at the points of a Poisson process with intensity λ; similarly, draw planes orthogonal to the y and z axes using independent Poisson processes (with the same intensity). Taken together, these planes naturally define a randomly stretched rectangular lattice. Consider bond percolation on this lattice where each edge of length is open with probability e−, and these events are independent given the edge lengths. We show that this model exhibits a phase transition: for large enough λ there is an infinite open cluster a.s., and for small λ all open clusters are finite a.s. We prove this result using the method of paths with exponential intersection tails, which is not applicable in two dimensions. The question whether the analogous process in the plane exhibits a phase transition is open. Disciplines Statistics and Probability This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/statistics_papers/434 ! \\\" # $ $ &% '( )* %+ , -/.1032/45-/.1432/676 .14 8 9;:<0=2/432/4?>?.1676 @A9 B,CEDF2/9HG#@AI @A6 J 032/9;KL@MI76ON 4=PQD1@AI 6 PQR ST./U#V#@A:<0=4=.19W.1X/S(2F4=Y5Z*@M[=I7@A\\\\]N*4=PWD/@MI76 PWR S^./U -/@AI C=6 2/9;@AK _3@M[=I7C32/I`S(aEbdc/e/e1e f*gEh7i`j<kmlni o#prqtsvuxwyqnzm{7| }~zO €‚ ƒ\\u0085„xq†ƒ qnp\\u0085{H‡Apˆƒ‰„m‡nŠA‡nzxqnw‹ƒ\\u0085‡ ƒ‰„m{‚Œ q<‹}Ž|`Mq†zxO}~zMƒ\\u0085{7p‰|\\u0085{7‘ ƒdƒ\\u0085„x{‚Œ q†‹}y| q<ƒ ƒ\\u0085„m{&u/‡n}yzMƒ‰|‚‡†’dqO“=‡n}Ž|‰|ˆ‡Az ump‰‡‹‘ { |\\u0085|”sH}~ƒ\\u0085„•}yzMƒ\\u0085{7zx|ˆ}~ƒ—–™˜ š1|ˆ}y›œ}~wŽq†p‰wy–nFmp‰qts5umwŽq†zm{ |H‡np\\u0085ƒ\\u0085„m‡AŠn‡Azxq†w ƒ\\u0085‡&ƒ‰„m{žŸq†zx ¡q†‹{7| ¢x|ˆ}yzmŠ }~zxm{`u/{`zx‹{7zMƒH“=‡A}y|‰|\\u0085‡nzŸump‰‡‹‘ {7|‰|\\u0085{7|‚£QsH}¤ƒ‰„*ƒ‰„m{ž|\\u0085qn›¡{¥}yzAƒ‰{`zx|\\u0085}~ƒ—–‹¦ § ̈ qn©n{`z(ƒ\\u0085‡nŠA{ ƒ‰„m{`p Hƒ\\u0085„x{7|\\u0085{aumwŽq†zx{7| zxq<ƒ‰¢mp‰qnw~wy–T‹{ «Fzm{ q prq†zx‹‡A›œw~–T|ˆƒ\\u0085p‰{ ƒ‰‘r„x{7Tp‰{7‘ ƒ‰q†zxŠn¢mwŽq†p wyq†ƒˆƒ\\u0085}Ž‘ {A§ ¬ ‡nzF|ˆ}Ž‹{`p ­F‡Azx®u/{`pr‘ ‡Awyq†ƒ\\u0085}y‡nz ̄‡nz®ƒ‰„m}Ž|,wŽq<ƒ\\u0085ƒ\\u0085}Ž‘ {*sH„x{`p‰{O{7qA‘r„®{7‹ŠA{O‡†’ wy{`zmŠnƒ\\u0085„®°Ÿ}Ž| ‡nu/{`z¡sH}¤ƒ‰„¡uxp\\u0085‡A­xq†­m}ywy}¤ƒ—–,±A2F3`Aqnzx ƒ\\u0085„m{ |ˆ{”{` ́A{`zMƒ‰|3qnp\\u0085{”}yzx‹{7uF{7zx‹{`zMƒdŠA}~ ́A{`z ƒ\\u0085„m{H{ ‹Šn{”wy{`zmŠnƒ\\u0085„x|7§ μa{¥|ˆ„m‡<svƒ‰„xq<ƒ ƒ\\u0085„m}Ž|d›œ‡‹‹{`w/{ ‹„m}y­m}~ƒ‰| q&um„Fqn|\\u0085{Hƒ\\u0085prq†zx|\\u0085}~ƒ\\u0085}y‡nz ¶·’ ̧‡np wyqnp\\u0085ŠA{H{`zm‡A¢mŠn„*˜Oƒ\\u0085„m{7p\\u0085{#}y| q†z }~z‹«Fzm}¤ƒ‰{,‡AuF{7z•‘ wy¢x|—ƒ‰{`p¥qm§ |`§yFqnzx$’ ̧‡np‚|\\u0085›Ÿq†wywE˜aq†wyw·‡AuF{7z•‘ wy¢x|—ƒ‰{`pr| q†p‰{ž«xzm}~ƒ\\u0085{¡qm§ |`§”μ {,ump‰‡< ́n{ ƒ\\u0085„m}Ž| p‰{7|\\u0085¢mw¤ƒ&¢F|ˆ}yzmŠ ƒ\\u0085„x{O›œ{ ƒ\\u0085„x‡1 ̄‡n’ ox»<1⁄4 ̧1⁄2M3⁄4O¿3ÀÁ1⁄4 ̧1⁄2 Â\\u0085à oxÄ<Å/Â`Åx1⁄4;ÀQ»<Æ ÀÁÅx1⁄4Ç Èr3⁄4`ÂrÉ 1⁄4;ÀQÄ<Å 1⁄4Ê»†ÀÁÆË3⁄4 =sH„m}y‘r„ ̄}Ž| zm‡†ƒžq†umumwy}Ž‘`q†­xw~{ }~z̃—s ‡$‹}~›œ{7zx|ˆ}y‡nzF|`§ ̈”„m{¡ÍA¢x{7|ˆƒ\\u0085}y‡nz•sH„m{`ƒ\\u0085„m{7p¥ƒ\\u0085„m{œq†zxqnw~‡AŠn‡A¢x|Hump‰‡‹‘ {7|‰|#}~z ƒ\\u0085„m{ umwŽq†zx{¥{`‹„m}~­x}¤ƒr| q¡um„xqn|\\u0085{¥ƒ\\u0085prq†zx|\\u0085}~ƒ\\u0085}y‡nz$}y|”‡AuF{7z § Î Ï ÐœÑEÒ3ÓOÔ•Õ Ö Ñ3× Ó Ð ØdÙ<ÚÜÛÞÝàߗáHâ ã ä•å=Ùvæèç‹é`æ1ê ë3ì&æ‹í îðï ñòê ê=ómï Ù®Ú ë æ1Ú Ú ëòÙvنîòç‹Ù†ï ̄æ1é Ù^ô ̧æ1å=نôÁنîöõ,÷ ̧Ú ë\\\"ß;ê=ómï ï ÷Áå ôÁø îòÙ<ê=نí îòنíFÚ7äOé`æ‹í îòómùûú1æ1é`÷ ̧æ1å·ôÁنïÌü†ý•þnÿnþ #ì‚Ú æ /÷ ̧í çvú1æ‹ô ̧ñòنï$÷ ̧í 1â TÙ <æ‹ô ̧ô¥Ú ëòÙ tómô ̧ôÁÙ tÚ ÷ ̧ómí ü†ý þ ÿ þ Ú ëòÙ ! \\\" # $mìŸæ‹í î% tómí ï ÷ ̧îòÙ<é ÷ ̧í îòÙ<ê=نí îòنíFÚ êEÙ<é& tómô ̧æ1Ú ÷Áómí3ì$ü ' þ ÿ þ( ìO÷Qí Ú ëòÙ é`æ‹í î ómù نíxú1÷Áé ómí·ù™Ù†íxڜü†ý þ ÿ) +* ó‹é ÙOê é`Ù <÷ ̧ï نôÁøaõ#Ù*î ó™Ú ëòÙ-,WómôQôÁónõ,÷Qíòç/. 021 æ ‹Ù*æÌï æ‹ù™ê·ôÁٟó3, Ú ëòÙOú1æ1é`÷ ̧æ1å ôÁنï¡ü†ý þ ÿ æ3 4 tó‹é7î ÷ ̧íòç™Ú óaÚ ëòن÷Áé!5 óm÷ ̧íxÚ&î·÷ ̧ï Ú é`÷Áå ñòÚ ÷Áómí6 087 Ù<Ú Ù†æ3 `ë نîòç‹ÙŸó‹ê=نíèß:9<;>=?;A@3ï Ù<ÚB' þ ÝC nä¥õ,÷ÁÚ ë ̄ê·é ó‹å·æ1å·÷ ̧ôQ÷Áڈø•ý þ æ‹í î <ôÁómï نîèß:9D;D= ;Qì/' þ Ý xä ó‹Ú ëòÙ<é õ,÷ ̧ï ًì ÷ ̧í îòÙ<ê=نí îòنíFÚ ôÁøE,;ó‹é,æ‹ô ̧ô=نîòç‹Ù†ï FHG # I # JLK<J M =4N¥Û ÝPORQTSVU WYX Z%[/;]\\\\ ^ =VW =_=(`39 a N>aEbdcLe f_g(=4Wih·ßDX1äkjl ma&eLnV^]N>^#b3No9 Spb3c =VcIq?9>WrU cIfs=4cIN#ü†ý þ ÿ þ( t#u aVb)ND9va>wx= a y z|{ ï ñ ê þ E} ý ~6 þ j8h·ßDX1ä(~6 € y‚ƒ{\\u0085„ U W†b cL‡sU W 9<=4cINˆ= ‰-Š b3N>^s‹Œ9 c O Q b3c ‰_b cI‡_n(U >A=(n ND9<U c]U‚SŽ8‰ 9 a ND9>c n?N= ‰ #= a ü’‘(“1ÿ ” “ •  U cm‹+@ N>^ =pn(U W W = a Š/U c ‰ 9>c–dq b W 9Db—g4A=VaOü†ý þD˜ ÿ ” “ •  b W =™9 c ‰—=šŠ/=4c ‰—=4cIN ; N>^ =4cƒb);›aV;›@6N>^/=VW =œ= `)9vaVN>ab cE9>c wžcI9>Nˆ=oU3W&9 =VcINˆ=(‰xŠ/=4Wrn&U Ab3ND9DU3c n Ÿe#a Nˆ=4W ¡^–9Dn4^†9vaxNDWrb cLa&9 =VcIN3S4U W+a&9>fœŠ A= W‚b c ‰)U f¢ +b Ÿ£ ; ß 1 ëòÙÌó‹é`÷ÁنíFÚ Ù†î <ô ̧ñ ï Ú Ù<é*ó3, æ®ú‹Ù<é Ú ÙV¤ ¥^÷ ̧ïŸÚ ë ÙÌñ í ÷Áómí(ó3,žæ‹ôQôHó‹ê=نíTó‹é`÷ÁنíFÚ Ù†î(ê·æ1Ú ë·ïOنù•æ‹í æ1Ú ÷Qíòç ,;é ómù¦¥I ~ä ’ L JLK 9 q3=Vc j 2j @-n&U c/a&9<‰—=4Wmb]W‚b c ‰)U f =4cLq?9>W‚U cLf_=VcINka4b3ND9va>S&‡ 9>c– N>^ = 9 c ‰—=:Š/=Vc ‰–=Vc n =ƒn&U c ‰ 9DND9<U c dUrSpN>^ =_N>^ = U3W‚=4f™@œa&eLnV^\\u0085N>^#b3N _ ý þ ”Ý S4U W 1â Yb c ‰ ‘ ãƒ;! 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引用次数: 12

摘要

在R3中绘制与x轴正交的平面,并在泊松过程的点处与x轴相交,强度为λ;同样,使用独立的泊松过程(具有相同的强度)绘制与y轴和z轴正交的平面。这些平面合在一起,自然地定义了一个随机拉伸的矩形晶格。考虑这种晶格上的键渗透,其中每条长度的边都以e−的概率打开,并且这些事件在给定的边长度下是独立的。我们证明了该模型表现出一个相变:当λ足够大时,存在一个无限开簇,而当λ足够小时,所有开簇都是有限开簇。我们使用具有指数相交尾的路径方法证明了这一结果,该方法不适用于二维。平面上的类似过程是否表现出相变的问题是开放的。这篇期刊文章可以在ScholarlyCommons上找到:https://repository.upenn.edu/statistics_papers/434 !# $ $ &% '()* %+, -/.1032/45-/。1432/676 .14 8 9;;1676 @A9 B,CEDF2/9HG#@AI @A6 J 032/9;KL@MI76ON 4=PQD1@AI 6 PQR ST./ u# V#@A:=?;A@3ï ÙaEbdcLe f_g(=4Wih·ßDX1äkjl ma&eLnV^]N>^#b3No9 Spb3c =VcIq?9 > WrU cIfs = 4 cin # u†þyþ(t # u真空断路)ND9va > wx = y z | {i n eþe} y ~ 6þj8h·ßDX1a(~ 6€y‚ƒ{…„u W†b cL‡苏W ^ 9 s‹Œ9 c O问b3c‰_b cI‡_n”(u>= (n ND9c吗?N=‰# = u’‘(“1 y”“•u cm‹+ @ N > ^ = pn (u W W =Š/ u c‰9 > c–dq b W 9 db—g4a = VaOu†þD˜y”“•b W =™9 c‰—=šŠ/ = 4 c‰—= 4 cin;N > ^ = 4 cƒb);›aV;›@6N > ^ /大众= =œ= ')9 vavn > acE9 > c wžcI9 > Nˆ= oU3W&9 = VcINˆ=(‰xŠ/ = 4 wrn&uAb3ND9DU3c NŸe # Nˆ= 4 w¡^–9 dn4 ^†9 vaxndwrb cLa&9 = VcIN3S4U w + 9 f >œŠ= w‚b c‰)U¢f + bŸ£;ß1 eoUIo‹e”÷盟†iFU U†W‚U cLf_ = VcINka4b3ND9va > &‡9 > c–N > ^ = 9 c‰—=:Š/ = Vc‰–= Vc N =ƒN U c‰9 dnd9 ^ = _N”> ^ = U3W‚= 4 f™@œa&eLnV ^…N > ^ # b3N _ yþ”y S4U W 1 c Yb‰‘ƒ;!S_X Z [b c‰#”ßr % h·美元ßDX1a一(4 ~ 6@en > ^ / = Vc % b);›aV;†N > ^ = = =(大众' 39 a N >] NDW‚b c / a 9 7 U 8 G \ ^]美元)_ !D“# a”?> a ' b ' 4$?—广州G c_ = /美元’Z) DdƒG YeHgfIh 1美元e UUe中U†我•o3,œU eoU e·æ1 e = UOu™U†iFU÷AomioU†我™æ1 = onu‹U‹i /æ‹我÷̧我7 U你÷AomivuŸo¥U我÷̧我(< n我žæ‹ioo‹U eoU < eæ1 e e o̧÷›<æ1 U÷奥米o3 U e UŸeoU < o‹e U†U o™e e非统‹UŸeoUŸ紫外线¤o÷̧U U†iL你œo3,”æe eæ‹我UœU eæ‹我÷÷̧U Aomi6
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Percolation in a dependent random environment
Draw planes in R3 that are orthogonal to the x axis, and intersect the x axis at the points of a Poisson process with intensity λ; similarly, draw planes orthogonal to the y and z axes using independent Poisson processes (with the same intensity). Taken together, these planes naturally define a randomly stretched rectangular lattice. Consider bond percolation on this lattice where each edge of length is open with probability e−, and these events are independent given the edge lengths. We show that this model exhibits a phase transition: for large enough λ there is an infinite open cluster a.s., and for small λ all open clusters are finite a.s. We prove this result using the method of paths with exponential intersection tails, which is not applicable in two dimensions. The question whether the analogous process in the plane exhibits a phase transition is open. Disciplines Statistics and Probability This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/statistics_papers/434 ! " # $ $ &% '( )* %+ , -/.1032/45-/.1432/676 .14 8 9;:<0=2/432/4?>?.1676 @A9 B,CEDF2/9HG#@AI @A6 J 032/9;KL@MI76ON 4=PQD1@AI 6 PQR ST./U#V#@A:<0=4=.19W.1X/S(2F4=Y5Z*@M[=I7@A\]N*4=PWD/@MI76 PWR S^./U -/@AI C=6 2/9;@AK _3@M[=I7C32/I`S(aEbdc/e/e1e f*gEh7i`j=?;A@3ï Ù<ÚB' þ ÝC nä¥õ,÷ÁÚ ë ̄ê·é ó‹å·æ1å·÷ ̧ôQ÷Áڈø•ý þ æ‹í î <ôÁómï نîèß:9D;D= ;Qì/' þ Ý xä ó‹Ú ëòÙ<é õ,÷ ̧ï ًì ÷ ̧í îòÙ<ê=نí îòنíFÚ ôÁøE,;ó‹é,æ‹ô ̧ô=نîòç‹Ù†ï FHG # I # JLKaEbdcLe f_g(=4Wih·ßDX1äkjl ma&eLnV^]N>^#b3No9 Spb3c =VcIq?9>WrU cIfs=4cIN#ü†ý þ ÿ þ( t#u aVb)ND9va>wx= a y z|{ ï ñ ê þ E} ý ~6 þ j8h·ßDX1ä(~6 € y‚ƒ{…„ U W†b cL‡sU W 9<=4cINˆ= ‰-Š b3N>^s‹Œ9 c O Q b3c ‰_b cI‡_n(U >A=(n ND9c n?N= ‰ #= a ü’‘(“1ÿ ” “ •  U cm‹+@ N>^ =pn(U W W = a Š/U c ‰ 9>c–dq b W 9Db—g4A=VaOü†ý þD˜ ÿ ” “ •  b W =™9 c ‰—=šŠ/=4c ‰—=4cIN ; N>^ =4cƒb);›aV;›@6N>^/=VW =œ= `)9vaVN>ab cE9>c wžcI9>Nˆ=oU3W&9 =VcINˆ=(‰xŠ/=4Wrn&U Ab3ND9DU3c n Ÿe#a Nˆ=4W ¡^–9Dn4^†9vaxNDWrb cLa&9 =VcIN3S4U W+a&9>fœŠ A= W‚b c ‰)U f¢ +b Ÿ£ ; ß 1 ëòÙÌó‹é`÷ÁنíFÚ Ù†î <ô ̧ñ ï Ú Ù<é*ó3, æ®ú‹Ù<é Ú ÙV¤ ¥^÷ ̧ïŸÚ ë ÙÌñ í ÷Áómí(ó3,žæ‹ôQôHó‹ê=نíTó‹é`÷ÁنíFÚ Ù†î(ê·æ1Ú ë·ïOنù•æ‹í æ1Ú ÷Qíòç ,;é ómù¦¥I ~ä ’ L JLK 9 q3=Vc j 2j @-n&U c/a&9<‰—=4Wmb]W‚b c ‰)U f =4cLq?9>W‚U cLf_=VcINka4b3ND9va>S&‡ 9>c– N>^ = 9 c ‰—=:Š/=Vc ‰–=Vc n =ƒn&U c ‰ 9DND9^ =_N>^ = U3W‚=4f™@œa&eLnV^…N>^#b3N _ ý þ ”Ý S4U W 1â Yb c ‰ ‘ ãƒ;! S_X Z [ b c ‰ #" ßr %$ h·ßDX1ä ä(~64@EN>^/=Vc%b);›aV;†N>^ =VW = =(`39 a N>a]b NDW‚b c/a 9<=4cIN_U W 9<=4cINˆ= ‰ Š/=4Wrn&U  b)ND9DU c n4 e#a Nˆ=VW4; T 6 '&)( } ý ~6 þ žÝ *  +-, ~6. , ~6 X , Ý/ 01ß1 2$ nä â”ï ó tómí î·÷ÁÚ ÷Áómí ß 3ŸäŸë ómô ̧î ïOê·é ónú1÷ ̧îòنîèÚ ë æ1Ú 2" ßr 4$ h ßDX/ä ä(~64 5 6 ómí·ï ÷ ̧îòÙ<é!XŸ÷ ̧í îòÙ<ê=نí îòنíFÚ87 óm÷ ̧ï ï ómí$ê=óm÷ ̧íFÚdê é ó tنï ï نï õ,÷ ̧Ú ëOê·æ1é`æ‹ù•Ù<Ú Ù<é 1 ëòُX:9 ,WómôQî 6 æ1é`Ú Ù;9 ï ÷ ̧æ‹íÜê é ó1î ñL tÚ ó3,”Ú ëòنï ÙOê=óm÷ ̧íFڞê é ó tنï ï نï<ì·õ,÷ÁÚ ë®Ú ëòÙ ï Ú æ‹í î æ1é`îÜê é ó1î ñL tÚ æ‹î 5 æ3 tنíL tø®é نô ̧æ1Ú ÷Áómídì ÷ ̧ï æ^ç‹é`æ1ê·ë ÷ ̧ï ómù™ó‹é ê·ë ÷v •Ú ó O Q Ú ë æ1ڙõ#Ù ̄é Ù4,;Ù<é™Ú ó(æ‹ï™æ=< a NDW =4N n4^ = ‰"Ab3N 7 Ù<ڙæ‹í نîòç‹Ù|‘ ̄ó3, ôÁنíòç‹Ú ëA@ þ ó‹ê=نí•õ,÷ ̧Ú ë•ê é ó‹å æ1å·÷ ̧ô ̧÷Áڅø*ý þ ÝðÙV¤/ê ßB$C@ þ ä7ì/÷ ̧í·îòÙ<ê=نí îòنíFÚ ôÁø†,;ó‹é#æ‹ô ̧ô·Ù†îòç‹Ù†ï#çm÷Áú‹Ù†íÌÚ ë ن÷Áé ôÁنíòç‹Ú ë·ï4 7 ÷QíL tÙD _ ý•þ E ÝF _ @#þ ZûôÁó‹ç ßr G0 äˆ ™Ý 1ì 6 ó‹é ómôQô ̧æ1é ø IH5æ1ê ê·ô ̧÷ÁنïÌÚ ó?Ú ë·÷ ̧ï ê é ó tنï ï4 KJrí 7 Ù tÚ ÷Áómí [Ìõ¥Ù$ê é ónú‹ÙL7‚é ó‹ê=ómï ÷ÁÚ ÷Áómí][# › 1ì3õ,ë ÷› 7ëLÚ ó‹ç‹Ù<Ú ëòÙ<é*õ,÷ÁÚ ë 6 ó‹é ómô ̧ô ̧æ1é`ø… IH/ì نïM9 Ú æ1å·ô ̧÷Qï ëòنïŸÚ ë æ1Ú*Ú ë ÷ ̧ïŸê=Ù<é( tómô ̧æ1Ú ÷ ̧ómíTê é ó tنï ïOë æ‹ï æ®ê·ë æ‹ï Ù;9—Ú é`æ‹í ï ÷ÁÚ ÷ ̧ómíT÷ ̧íN OJ‰Ú*÷ ̧ïOíòó‹Ú† /íòóAõ,í(÷A, ï ñL 7ëèæLê·ë æ‹ï Ù•Ú é7æ‹í ï ÷ÁÚ ÷Áómí(ó# 4 <ñòé7ïT,;ó‹éHX^ÝPHèßÊï Ù<Ù 6 ómí 5 Ù tÚ ñòé Ùm[# IHmä& 7 Ù<ÙRQ·çmñ é Ù| •å=نôÁóAõl,;ó‹é æ^ê·÷› tÚ ñ é Ùaó3, Ú ë ÷ ̧ï ê é`ó# tنï ï ÷ ̧íSH^î ÷Qù™Ù†í ï ÷Áómí·ï4 1 ë ÷ ̧ï$ê·÷› tÚ ñ é Ùaõžæ‹ï ê é ó1î ñL tنî ñ ï`÷ ̧íòç^ï ó3,Wڅõ¥æ1é`Ù õ&é`÷ ̧Ú Ú Ù†í®åFøT3™ 7 tómô ̧í ÷v tónú U WV X J (Y i – [Z) W L$’ > 8$ G \ ^])_! D " # a`? > a ' b`4$? —$GZ G c_= /$ $’ Z) Ddƒ $ G ÝeHgfIh 1 ë ÙÜé نï ڕó3,œÚ ëòÙ ê·æ1ê=Ù<é•÷ ̧ï™ó‹é çmæ‹í·÷ji<نî æ‹ïƒ,WómôQôÁónõ,ï 1 ëòÙ<ó‹é نù › L÷ ̧ï•ê é ónú‹Ù†îð÷ ̧í 7 Ù tÚ ÷ ̧ómí H?ú/÷QæèÚ ëòÙTù™Ù<Ú ë ó/îðó3,*ê æ1Ú ë ï õ,÷ÁÚ ëekž` Š/U c =Vc ND9Db l &c Nˆ=VW&a4= n?ND9DU3c \Ib39 Ÿa ß m J 1 ä& 1 ë ÷ ̧ï ù™Ù<Ú ëòó1î õžæ‹ï ÷QíxÚ é ó1î ñL tنî ÷ ̧í 6 ó ¤ æ‹í·îonœñòé é`Ù<Ú Ú… ph’ Ÿæ‹ï ̄æèÚ ó/ómôi,Wó‹é å=ómñ í î ÷ ̧í ç té`÷ÁÚ ÷› <æ‹ô,ê é ó‹å·æ1å·÷Qô ̧÷ÁÚ ÷Áنï<ì æ‹í î(î Ù<ú‹Ù†ôÁó‹ê=نî…,;ñòé`Ú ëòÙ<éœåFø\q¥Ù†í 5 æ‹ùÌ÷ ̧í ÷Çìr7 نù•æ‹íFÚ ôÁÙÌæ‹í îs7 Ù<é نï ÷ ̧í2 [ —ìdõ,ëòó®ñ ï نîT÷ÁÚŸÚ ó®ê é óAú‹Ù Ú é`æ‹í ï`÷ÁنíL tٟó3,”ó‹é`÷ÁنíFÚ Ù†î <ô ̧ñ ï Ú Ù<é`ïo,;ó‹é,÷< ÷< î6 1ê=Ù<é( tómô ̧æ1Ú ÷ ̧ómí6 Jrí 7 Ù tÚ ÷Áómís[¡õ¥Ù&æ‹í æ‹ôÁøgi<Ù Ú ëòÙR< ï Ú é Ù<Ú 7ëòنî•ô ̧æ1Ú Ú ÷v tÙt>Où™Ù†íFÚ ÷Áómíòنî™æ1å=ónú‹Ù‹ì/æ‹í î ÷ ̧í 7 Ù tÚ ÷ÁómívuŸõ¥Ù î ÷ ̧ï( <ñ ï ïžæ‹íòó‹Ú ëòÙ<é&æ1ê ê ô ̧÷› <æ1Ú ÷Áómí ó3, Ú ë ÙŸÚ ëòÙ<ó‹é نù Ú ó™ê é óAú‹ÙŸÚ ëòٟÙV¤ò÷ ̧ï Ú Ù†íL tٜó3,”æ ê ë æ‹ï ÙœÚ é`æ‹í ï ÷ ̧Ú ÷Áómí6
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