俄罗斯和中国创业态度的心理和文化分析

T. Terekhova, E. Trofimova, N. Terekhova
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摘要

本文在历史、文化、心理分析的背景下,从跨学科的角度出发,考察企业家作为一个社会群体对创业活动和企业家的态度是当前企业家经济自决形成的因素之一。中国和俄罗斯商业文化的价值观受到这些国家传统宗教态度的影响。理论分析表明,中国文化对创业的态度更为稳定和积极,创业的基础是理性、实用主义、遵从社会等级。不连贯的形象是俄罗斯文化固有的;因此,无论是在革命前还是在苏联时期,企业家的刻板印象都被赋予了负面的特质,直到2000年代才出现了积极的变化。本文总结了关于财富、贫穷、金钱等经济类别的普遍价值判断的实证数据,以及形成的企业家的刻板形象。俄罗斯受访者表示,对金钱的积极理性态度占主导地位,但在积极联想的同时,消极联想也表现得淋漓尽致,例如:依赖、愤世嫉俗、冲突、绝望、紧缩、需要、争吵、危机等。从中国受访者的角度来看,金钱和财富是价值,地位和信誉依赖于它,并且与高贵和人性联系在一起。根据俄罗斯和中国的受访者,现代企业家的刻板印象具有以下特点:尊重他人,沟通,合作,批判性思维,选择性,相当独立,认真,聪明。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Psychological and Cultural Analysis of Attitude to Entrepreneurship in Russia and China
The article considers the attitude to entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurs as a social group in society, which is one of the factors of formation of economic self-determination of entrepreneurs at the present time, from the position of interdisciplinary approach in the context of historical, cultural, psychological analyses. The values of Chinese and Russian business culture were influenced by traditional religious attitudes in these countries. Theoretical analysis showed that in Chinese culture the attitude to entrepreneurship was more stable and positive, the basis of entrepreneurship is rationality, pragmatism, compliance with social hierarchy. Incoherent images are rather inherent for the Russian culture; thus, the stereotype of the entrepreneur was endowed with negative qualities, both in pre-revolutionary times, and in the Soviet period, changes towards positive side emerged only in the 2000s. The article summarizes the empirical data on the prevailing value judgments regarding such economic categories as wealth, poverty, money, as well as the formed stereotypical images of the entrepreneur. According to Russian respondents, a positive and rational attitude to money dominates, but along with positive associations, the negative ones are vividly expressed, such as: dependence, cynicism, conflict, hopelessness, retrenchment, need, quarrels, crisis, etc. From the Chinese respondents’ point of view, money and wealth are values, on which status and credibility depend, and are associated with nobility and humanity. According to Russian and Chinese respondents, the stereotype of the mo­dern entrepreneur is characterized by the following qualities: respectful for people, communicative, cooperative, critical thinking, selective, rather independent, serious, intelligent.
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