新石器时代流行病扩散

Guido Barbujani
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引用次数: 1

摘要

1978年,Paolo Menozzi、Alberto Piazza和Luca Cavalli-Sforza为人类史前史研究开辟了一种新的多学科方法,根据考古信息解释遗传证据。通过制作等位基因频率的合成图,并通过主成分分析(PCA)对其进行总结,他们确定了整个欧洲的遗传多样性模式与新石器时代的考古记录之间的联系,这些考古记录显示了最早的农业社会的记录日期。基于这一观察,他们提出了一个来自近东的学术传播模型。他们认为,观察到的模式是由于早期农业社区食物供应增加、早期农民向西分散以及分散的农民与当地狩猎采集者之间的相对隔离导致的人口增长的结果。这些结果在我们对新石器时代过渡的理解中发挥了重要作用,但也受到了方法论上的批评。例如,越来越清楚的是,PCA图的解释不像最初想象的那么简单,相关性应该通过对其他人口模型的明确比较来证实。尽管有这些有效的批评,遗传学和基因组学研究,包括那些涉及古代DNA的研究,已经在很大程度上证实了新石器时代的过渡是欧洲史前人口变化过程的关键作用,但有一些限制。今天,关于这段复杂历史的细节仍有很多需要了解的地方,但许多研究人员认为,欧洲人口结构在很大程度上反映了三次主要迁徙的遗传后果:旧石器时代晚期的非洲,新石器时代初期的近东,以及青铜时代的东部草原。尽管有许多涉及历史迁移、隔离(即漂移)和局部基因流动的附加过程,但这种深层结构并没有被抹去,并且由于Menozzi、Piazza和Cavalli-Sforza的开创性工作而得到了承认。基于“Menozzi P, Piazza A, Cavalli-Sforza LL”欧洲人基因频率合成图。科学201:786 1978;792。”
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Neolithic demic diffusion
In 1978, Paolo Menozzi, Alberto Piazza, and Luca Cavalli-Sforza paved the ground for a new multidisciplinary approach to the study of human prehistory, interpreting genetic evidence in the light of archaeological information. By producing synthetic maps of allele frequencies and summarizing them by principal component analysis (PCA), they identified an association between patterns in genetic diversity across Europe and in the Neolithic archaeological record showing the earliest documented dates of farming societies. Based on this observation, they proposed a model of demic diffusion from the Near East. They argued that the observed patterns were the result of population growth due to increased food availability in early farming communities, westward dispersal of early farmers, and relative isolation between dispersing farmers and local hunter-gatherers. These results played a major role in our understanding of the Neolithic transition, but were also criticized on methodological grounds. For instance, it has become increasingly clear that the interpretation of PCA plots is less straightforward than originally thought, and correlations should be corroborated by explicit comparison of alternative demographic models. Despite these valid criticisms, genetic and genomic studies, including those involving ancient DNA, have largely confirmed the crucial role of the Neolithic transition as a process of demographic change in European prehistory, with some qualifications. Today, there is still much to be learned about the details of that complex history, but many researchers regard the European population structure as largely reflecting the genetic consequences of three major migrations: from Africa in Upper Paleolithic times, from the Near East at the beginning of the Neolithic, and from the eastern steppes in the Bronze Age. This deep structure has not been erased, despite many additional processes involving historical migrations, isolation (i.e., drift) and local gene flow, and has been recognized thanks to the pioneering work of Menozzi, Piazza and Cavalli-Sforza. Based on “Menozzi P, Piazza A, Cavalli-Sforza LL Synthetic maps of human gene frequencies in Europeans. Science 1978;201:786-792.”
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