全球气候变化对传粉媒介多样性和保护的影响:当前问题和未来挑战

N. Mattu
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引用次数: 0

摘要

世界上75%以上的主要作物和80%以上的开花植物依赖动物授粉。大约有100种动物授粉的作物构成了世界上大部分的食物供应,其中15%是由家养蜜蜂授粉的,而至少80%是由野生蜜蜂和其他野生动物授粉的。在25,000到30,000种蜜蜂中,大多数都是有效的授粉者,它们与飞蛾、苍蝇、黄蜂、甲虫和蝴蝶一起构成了大多数授粉物种。脊椎动物传粉者包括蝙蝠、不会飞的哺乳动物(几种猴子、啮齿动物、狐猴和树松鼠等)和鸟类(蜂鸟、太阳鸟、蜜爬行动物和一些鹦鹉)。目前对传粉过程的了解表明,虽然植物与其传粉者之间存在着有趣的特殊关系,但传粉者的丰富多样性是健康传粉服务的最佳保证。因此,传粉者对饮食多样性、生物多样性和维护自然资源至关重要。进化了数百万年的传粉媒介正在从全球以快速的速度被侵蚀。在过去的几年里,许多传粉媒介,尤其是蜜蜂,在全球范围内以前所未有的数量死亡,到目前为止,没有人能够排除合理怀疑地证明原因是什么。这些死亡的经济影响是立竿见影的,因为蜜蜂对世界上价值数千万美元的经济作物的授粉是不可或缺的。尽管世界上大部分农业依靠蜜蜂,尤其是欧洲蜜蜂授粉,但它们在全球的数量也在下降。许多其他传粉者,如挖土蜂、汗蜂、碱蜂、南瓜蜂、切叶蜂、木匠蜂、泥瓦匠蜂和毛茸茸的足蜂也可能在减少,但提供明确趋势文件的数据根本无法获得。人们认为,对传粉媒介及其提供的服务的威胁在世界范围内正在增加,而且主要是人为造成的。气候变化可能是削弱蜜蜂的一个主要因素,并影响了许多农业地区的作物授粉。试图了解传粉媒介数量减少的原因,特别是与气候变化的关系,传粉媒介的保护和管理,以及在变化的全球情景下传粉媒介数量减少对园艺的影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Impact of Global Climate Change on Pollinator Diversity and Conservation: Current Issues and Future Challenges
Over 75% of the major world crops and 80% of all flowering plant species rely on animal pollinators. Of the hundred or so animal-pollinated crops which make up most of the world's food supply, 15% are pollinated by domestic bees, while at least 80% are pollinated by wild bee species and other wildlife. Most of the 25, 000 to 30, 000 species of bees are effective pollinators, and together with moths, flies, wasps, beetles and butterflies, make up the majority of pollinating species. Vertebrate pollinators include bats, non-flying mammals (several species of monkey, rodents, lemur and tree squirrels etc.) and birds (humming birds, sun birds, honey creepers and some parrot species). Current understanding of pollination process shows that, while an interesting specialized relationship exist between plants and their pollinators, healthy pollination services are best ensured by an abundant diversity of pollinators. Thus, pollinators are essential for diet diversity, biodiversity, and maintenance of natural resources. Pollinators which evolved over million of years, are eroding at a fast rate from the globe. During the past few years, many pollinators especially honey bees have been dying across the globe in unprecedented number and, no one has so far been able to prove beyond a reasonable doubt what the causes may have been. The economic implications of these deaths are immediate because honey bees are integral to the pollination of tens of millions of dollars of cash crops in the world. Despite much of the world's agriculture relying on pollination by honeybees, especially European honeybees, their number across the globe has also declined. Many other pollinators such as digger bees, sweat bees, alkali bees, squash bees, leafcutter bees, carpenter bees, mason bees, and shaggy fuzzy foot bees could also be on decline, but data providing unambiguous documentation of trends are simply not available. Threats to pollinators and the services they provide are perceived to be increasing around the world and are mainly man-made in origin. Climate change could be a major factor in weakening the bees and has affected the pollination of crops in many agricultural areas. An attempt has been made to know the causes behind the decline of pollinators, especially in relation to climate change, their conservation and management and impact of declining pollinator population on horticulture in the changed global scenario.
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