Gender Representation Among Contributors to Open-Source Infrastructure : An Analysis of 20 Package Manager Ecosystems

While the severe underrepresentation of women and non-binary people in open source is widely recognized, there is little empirical data on how the situation has changed over time and which subcommunities have been more effectively reducing the gender imbalance. To obtain a clearer image of gender representation in open source, we compiled and synthesized existing empirical data from the literature, and computed historical trends in the representation of women across 20 open source ecosystems. While inherently limited by the ability of automatic name-based gender inference to capture true gender identities at an individual level, our census still provides valuable population-level insights. Across all and in most ecosystems, we observed a promising upward trend in the percentage of women among code contributors over time, but also high variation in the percentage of women contributors across ecosystems. We also found that, in most ecosystems, women withdraw earlier from open-source participation than men.