A content analysis of voice-based apps on the market for early literacy development

Voice-based applications powered by conversational agents can potentially support young children's literacy development in informal settings. Yet, to realize such potential, designers must consider young users' typical communication and learning patterns. In this paper, we developed a framework of seven design dimensions across three aspects (i.e., learning content and goals, interactions and gamifications, and conversation design) that could influence the educational benefits young children receive from voice-based apps. We then used this framework to conduct a content analysis of 535 literacy-focused voice apps on the market to examine whether the prevalent design features of these apps meet the unique needs of young learners. Lastly, we discussed the implications of current design tendencies with the aim of encouraging future voice-based app designers to bridge the gap between research and practice.