次国家领导人与外交

J. Setzer, K. Anderton
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引用次数: 0

摘要

地方外交日益成为外交政策和国际关系的重要组成部分。这一观察涉及的事态不一定是明显的或给定的。首先,从定义上看,地方政府通常开展地方活动,解决影响其选民的问题。其次,在许多国家,地方政府在没有授权此类举措的实际法律框架的情况下实施此类议程。然而,随着全球相互依存的加剧,诸如环境保护、人权、移民和贸易等政策领域,仅举几例,需要在国际和领土一级采取行动,因为其中许多领域超越了政治行政边界。因此,在21世纪初,有可能确定由地方领导人进行的各种形式的国际关系。这种活动包括地方领导人和官僚与其他跨境行为者(私人、非政府和政府-国家或地方)的直接互动,参与跨国网络和/或参与国际决策。由于地方政府更接近人民,可以以更低的风险测试实验性或开创性的政策,它们往往可以成为可以在国际领域其他地方推广或复制的措施的先驱。这种政策领导只是地方政府在外交领域参与的一个因素,地方政府在外交领域跨越司法管辖区,打破了它们传统上运作的固定规模。近年来,研究地方政府对外关系的学者们致力于理解地方走向国际舞台的动机。然而,这些研究缺乏的是对地方政府参与国际关系的含义的理解。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Subnational Leaders and Diplomacy
Subnational diplomacy has become an increasingly important part of foreign policy and international relations. This observation concerns a state of affairs that is not necessarily obvious or given. First, by definition, subnational governments usually conduct subnational activities and address problems that affect their constituencies. Second, in many countries subnational governments undertake such an agenda without an actual legal framework authorizing such initiatives. However, with an intensified global interdependency, policy areas such as environmental protection, human rights, immigration, and trade, just to name a few, require action both at the international and territorialized levels, as many of them transcend political administrative boundaries. As a result, in the early 21st century it is possible to determine various forms of international relations conducted by subnational leaders. This activity involves direct interactions undertaken by subnational leaders and bureaucrats with other actors across borders (private, non-governmental, and governmental—national or subnational), participation in transnational networks, and/or participation in international policymaking. Because subnational governments are closer to the people and can test experimental or groundbreaking policies with less risk, oftentimes they can become pioneers of measures that can be rolled out or replicated elsewhere in the international domain. Such policy leadership is just one element of subnational engagement in the diplomatic arena whereby subnational governments move across jurisdictional levels, breaking the fixed scales in which they would traditionally operate. In the past years, scholars investigating the external relations undertaken by subnational governments have dedicated great effort to understanding the motivations for regions to go into the international arena. What these studies lack, however, is an understanding of what the implications are of subnational governments’ engagement in international relations.
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