Identification of regulatory building blocks in Escherichia coli genome.

The nucleotide sequences of extragenic regions in the Escherichia coli genome are statistically analyzed. Sequence elements with high occurrence frequencies are identified; these elements are: (1) extragenic palindromic sequences, which are markedly distinguishable from the already identified repetitive extragenic palindromic sequences; (2) promoter sequences of purine biosynthetic genes; and (3) rho-independent terminator sequences. The repetitious occurrence and extensive sequence similarities suggest that these elements share common evolutionary origins. Copies of one sequence element would have become distributed to various positions on the genome during evolution and have been fixed at locations that provide a selective advantage. The extragenic regions of the E. coli genome seem to consist of various regulatory 'building blocks', similar to a protein which consists of modules or domains.