Use of hidden Markov models and phenology for multitemporal satellite image classification: applications to mountain vegetation classification

Ground cover classification based on a single satel- lite image can be challenging. The work reported here concerns the use of multitemporal satellite image data in order to alleviate this problem. We consider the problem of vegetation mapping and model the phenological evolution of the vegetation using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The different vegetation classes can be in one of a predefined set of states related to their phenological development. The characteristics of a given class are specified by the state transition probabilities as well as the probability of given satellite observations for that class and state. Classification of a specific pixel is thus reduced to selecting the class that has the highest probability of producing a given series of observations for that pixel. Compared to standard classification techniques such as maximum likelihood (ML) classification, the proposed scheme is flexible in that it derives its properties not only from image specific training data, but also from a model of the temporal behavior of the ground cover. It is shown to produce results that compare favorably to those obtained using ML classification on single satellite images, it also generalizes better than this approach. Obtaining good ground cover classifications based on a single satellite image can be challenging. The work reported here concerns the use of multitemporal satellite image data in order to alleviate this problem. We will consider an application of these methods to mapping of high mountain vegetation in Norway. The traditional mapping method based on manual field work is prohibitively expensive and alternatives are therefore sought. Vegetation classification based on satellite images is an interesting alternative, but the complexity of the vegetation ground cover is high and the use of multitemporal satellite image acquisitions is shown to improve the classifi- cation quality. This document is organized as follows: In the next section, we briefly recapitulate previous work related to multitemporal satellite image classification and phenological models. In section IV we discuss the HMM and how it can be used for classification. In section V we show results of the application of our algorithm, conclusions are given in section VI.