Risk, populism, and the evolution of consular responsibilities

This chapter discusses the under-studied subject of honorary consuls, in particular their conduct of diplomatic activities to bring about specific commercial gains through promoting exports, attracting inward investment, preserving outward investment opportunities, encouraging the benefits of technological transfer and promoting tourism. It explains the globalization trends that compel states to extend their diplomatic networks with honorary consuls for increased consular coverage. The chapter offers an overview of why localities, regions and municipal hubs are increasingly more important than national capitals in terms of business and commerce and thus in need of at least an honorary consular presence; and demonstrates how selected nations are trying to use honorary consuls in order to develop their economies. Finally, the chapter concludes with open research questions concerning the honorary consul's value to trade and investment promotion. Keywords:globalization; honorary consuls; investment; tourism