古罗马商业的去人格化

Barbara Abatino, Giuseppe Dari�?Mattiacci, E. Perotti
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引用次数: 29

摘要

经济发展的一个关键步骤是商业的非人格化,这使企业能够作为一个独立于其所有者和经理的实体经营。直到19世纪商业的去人格化出现之前,商业活动都是非常个人化的,管理合伙人承担无限责任。罗马法甚至限制代理。然而,罗马法律体系发展出了一种事实上的非人格化的商业实体形式,其中的非人格化是通过使商业的支点成为非人来实现的:奴隶。虽然从法律的角度来看,这种形式是完全不同的,但它展示了现代公司的所有显著特征,从而提供了一种与现代公司形式相当的功能。de iure格式的发展受到强大的文化、技术和体制限制的阻碍。相比之下,奴隶经营的企业表现出的特征在很大程度上与这些限制相适应,并沿着对法律变革阻力最小的道路出现。奴隶制的终结和罗马帝国的灭亡关闭了这条法律演变的替代道路;因此,现代公司形式只有在克服了这些限制之后才能出现。
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Depersonalization of Business in Ancient Rome
A crucial step in economic development is the depersonalization of business, which enables an enterprise to operate as a separate entity from its owners and managers. Until the emergence of a de iure depersonalization of business in the 19th century, business activities were eminently personal, with managing partners bearing unlimited liability. Roman law even restricted agency. Yet, the Roman legal system developed a form of de facto depersonalized business entity, where depersonalization was achieved by making the fulcrum of the business a non-person: the slave. Although radically different from a legal perspective, this format exhibited all the distinctive features of modern corporations, thereby providing for a functional equivalent of the modern corporate form. The development of the de iure format was hindered by strong cultural, technological and institutional constraints. In contrast, slave-run businesses exhibited features that were largely compatible with these constraints and emerged along the path of least resistance to legal change. The end of slavery and the fall of the Roman Empire closed off this alternative path of legal evolution; consequently, the modern corporate form could only appear once these constraints had been overcome.
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