对超自然惩罚的恐惧是宗教的基础吗?白令死亡特工理论述评

Chong Ho Alex Yu, Juanita M. Cole, W. Whitney
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摘要

认知心理学家白令试图解释宗教的原因,他认为进化过程使人类的思维预先设定了一种精神境界,在这种境界中,死去的人继续保持他们的意识。在白令的研究中,参与者被要求对两组给定照片中的人物特征进行打分。当实验者告诉参与者照片中的一个人在第二轮中去世时,这个人的平均评分显著上升。白令得出结论,更高的评分是参与者害怕被死去的特工惩罚的结果。通过重复这个实验,作者发现,一开始,在前测中,非宗教群体给死者的评分高于宗教群体,但在后测中,顺序发生了变化。我们的研究表明,我们的信仰体系可能有不同的来源,对于数据揭示的同一现象,也可能有不同的解释。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Is Fear of Supernatural Punishment the Foundation of Religion? An Examination of Bering’s Theory of Dead Agents
Cognitive psychologist Bering attempted to explain away religion by suggesting that the evolutionary process pre-disposed the human mind to assume a spiritual realm in which dead people continue to keep their consciousness. In Bering’s study participants were asked to rate the characteristics of persons in given photos in two sittings. When the experimenter told the participants that one of the persons in the photo passed away in the second round, the average ratings for that person significantly went up. Bering concluded that higher ratings were a result of participants’ fear of being punished by the dead agent. By replicating this experiment, the authors found that initially the non-religious group gave higher ratings to the dead person than the religious group in the pretest, but the order switched in the posttest. Our study suggests that there might be alternate sources of our belief system, and also there might be alternate explanations for the same phenomenon revealed by the data.
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