A National Framework for Establishing a Circular Economy for Phosphorus

Phosphate rock (PR) is a finite and limited resource from which phosphorus (P) is mined for use in fertilizer. Approximately 40% of P applied as fertilizer is lost to erosion, and nutrient pollution and eutrophication caused by run-off from excess P in agriculture is a pervasive environmental issue. As agricultural demand for P fertilizers increases, existing reserves of PR are depleted and alternate sources need to be considered. To ensure a sustained supply of P without destabilizing global food security, there is an urgent need to implement feasible policy and technology options. Establishing a circular economy where P is recovered from existing nutrient-rich waste streams and reused as fertilizers is a viable solution to the dual problem of nutrient pollution and availability. This policy memo offers the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and US Congress guidance to prioritize phosphorus policies by: (1) establishing a Federal Advisory Committee on a circular economy for P; (2) increasing Congressional funding of P-recovery research, (3) issuing a national ban on certain phosphate-bearing products, and (4) deregulating struvite from the 40 CFR Part 503 Biosolids Rule. We recommend implementation of a synergistic combination of the proposed policy options to accelerate transition to a circular P-economy.