乌克兰刑法草案对人的性自主的保护:一种批判

O. V. Kharytonova
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摘要

本文致力于分析乌克兰新刑法草案中关于性犯罪的框架规定的基础。将批判光学应用于该项目的规定,使保护人类性自主和理解其根源所在的理论和实践反思区域的问题变得成问题。为了评估拟议的刑法改革,将性作为一种具有深刻社会解释的性别现象的现代观念加以应用。对保护人类性自主和打击性暴力的国际标准的呼吁侧重于以“自主”和“同意”概念为中心评估性关系合法性的范式转变,以及在这方面改进刑法草案的必要性。乌克兰新《刑法》一节的标题“危害人类性自主的刑事罪行”似乎更符合现代性观念和国际公认的确定可容许的性交流参数的标准。发件人强调,如果将性行为的性质仅仅理解为满足性欲的愿望,那么,某些变型的非法性行为仍然不在《刑法》的范围之内,特别是在性暴力被用作控制和传达压制性信息的工具的情况下。本文支持在新刑法中对性犯罪的规定不以性欲的概念为基础,而是以《伊斯坦布尔公约》的做法为基础的建议。根据《伊斯坦布尔公约》,性行为是一种具有性内涵的行为。没有自愿同意作为性暴力的构成特征,强调了“自愿同意”概念的根本重要性,根据这一概念,双方同意的性行为不同于非双方同意的非法行为。在这方面,发件人分析了与14至16岁未成年人发生性关系的法律管制问题,因为他们在达到同意年龄之前的性生活表面上似乎是自愿的,他建议讨论在刑法草案中引入“有限自愿同意”概念的可能性。当一个人完全没有能力表达自愿参与性活动的协议,也没有能力理解关于性关系的决定的性质和意义时,就会发生这种情况。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Protection of Human Sexual Autonomy in the Draft of Criminal Code of Ukraine: A Critical View
The article is devoted to the analysis of the foundations of the framework regulation of sexual crimes in the draft of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine. The application of critical optics to the provisions of the project problematizes the issues of protecting human sexual autonomy and understanding the zones of theoretical and practical reflection in which they are rooted. To assess the proposed reforms of the criminal code, modern ideas about sexuality as a gendered phenomenon with a deep social interpretation are applied. The appeal to international standards for protecting human sexual autonomy and combating sexual violence focuses on paradigmatic shifts in assessing the legitimacy of sexual relations, centered around the concepts of "autonomy" and "consent", and the need to improve the draft Criminal Code in this aspect. The title of the section of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine "Criminal Offenses against Human Sexual Autonomy" is offering as more relevant with modern notions of sexuality and internationally recognized standards for determining the parameters of permissible sexual communication. The author stressing that if the nature of the sexual act is understood only as a desire to satisfy the libido, then some variants of illegal sexual behavior remain outside the scope of the Criminal Code, in particular, in situations where sexual violence is used as a tool to control and convey repressive messages. The propose to base the regulation of sexual crimes in new Criminal Code not on the concept of libido, but on the approach of the Istanbul Convention, according to which a sexual act is an act that has a sexual connotation, is supporting in this article. The absence of voluntary consent as a constitutive feature of sexual violence emphasizes the fundamental importance of the concept of "voluntary consent", by which consensual sexual act differs from non-consensual and illegal. In this regard the author, analyzing the problem of legal regulation of sexual relations with minors 14 to 16 year-olds, when their sexual life before reaching the age of consent seems outwardly voluntary, suggests discussing the possibility of introducing into the draft of Criminal Code the construct "limited voluntary consent", which will take place when a person is fully not capable to express a voluntary agreement to engage in the sexual activity and to understand the nature and significance of it’s decision regarding sexual relations.
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