Distributed-Particle-Swarm-Optimization-Incorporated Second-order Latent Factor Model

Latent Factor (LF) models are effective in representing high-dimension and sparse (HiDS) data via low-rank matrices approximation. Building an LF model is a large-scale non-convex problem. Hessian-free (HF) optimization is an efficient method to utilizing second-order information of an LF model's objective function and it has been utilized to optimize second-order LF (SLF) model. However, the low-rank representation ability of a SLF model heavily relies on its multiple hyperparameters. Determining these hyperparameters is time-consuming and it largely reduces the practicability of an SLF model. To address this issue, a distributed adaptive SLF (DASLF) model is proposed in this work. It realizes hyperparameter self-adaptation with a distributed particle swarm optimizer (DPSO), which is gradient-free and parallelized. Experiments on real HiDS data sets indicate that DASLF model has a competitive advantage over state-of-the-art models in data representation ability.