Fact-Finding by Trade-off: Questions of Evidence and Its Interactions with Valuation in Compensation Cases before the International Court of Justice

This article discusses the evidentiary issues that arise at the compensation phase of the proceedings in the International Court of Justice (‘the Court’), with special reference to the intersection of the rules of evidence and the law of State responsibility concerning reparations. It identifies a sequence of interactions between the two sets of norms throughout the compensation phase and even the prior merits stage. Various notions and approaches indicated by the Court that fall into either of the two sets of rules, such as the reversal of the burden of proof, lowering the standards of proof, equitable considerations and the global sum, should thus be read in conjunction with each other and not in isolation. Such an interplay aims ultimately to bring about a financial outcome that may afford minimum satisfaction to both parties in a dispute, even at the sacrifice of the coherence of judicial reasoning to some extent. In particular, the trade-off between the questions of proof and the reduction of the amount of compensation is seen as a practical adjustment of the financial outcome that could otherwise be unacceptable for the responsible State in the situation of evidentiary uncertainties. The remedies brought to the injured party might be minimal, but an invented alternative to nothing, which could have been the case had the rules of evidence and compensation been ordinarily applied.