用户创新的经验范围

J. D. Jong
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引用次数: 21

摘要

直到七年前,用户创新研究还集中在具体的案例或行业上,有人批评这种现象是边缘性的。本章总结并讨论了在更广泛的样本中有关用户创新范围的实证工作。第一个发现是用户创新是普遍存在的。公司开发和/或修改内部使用的流程的份额通常约为15%至20%,而在过去三年中,消费者中有4%至6%是为了满足个人需求而创新的。这符合全球数以百万计的创新企业和消费者的需求。对于企业来说,用户创新指标衡量的是与过程相关的创新活动,这些活动在官方调查中部分是看不见的,而个人消费者的用户创新在官方统计中根本不存在。第二个发现是,用户创新比传统的、以生产者为导向的创新更加开放。尤其是创新型消费者,他们不会为自己的知识申请专利,其中10%到30%的人甚至会与其他用户和/或采用他们的企业自由分享他们的知识。最后,用户的创新似乎对其他经济参与者也有用。传播机制包括向其他用户免费披露信息、创建新企业以及被商业生产者采用。总体而言,实证研究表明,用户创新指标应该成为官方创新指标的一部分。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Emperical Scope of User Innovation
Until seven years ago, user innovation studies focused on specific cases or industries, leaving room for criticism that the phenomenon is marginal. This chapter summarizes and discusses the empirical work concerned with the scope of user innovation in broader samples. A first finding is that user innovation is widespread. The share of firms developing and/or modifying processes for in-house use is generally about 15 to 20 percent, while amongst consumers four to six percent innovated to satisfy personal needs in the past three years. This corresponds with millions of innovating businesses and consumers across the globe. For firms, user innovation indicators measure process-related innovation activities which remain partly invisible in official surveys, while user innovation by individual consumers is not at all present in the official statistics. A second finding is that user innovation is more open than traditional, producer-oriented innovation. Especially innovating consumers do not patent their knowledge, and 10 to 30 percent of them even shares their knowledge freely with other users and/or adopting businesses. Finally, it appears that users’ innovations can be useful to other economic actors. Diffusion mechanisms include free revealing to other users, new venture creation, and adoption by commercial producers. Overall, the empirical studies suggest that user innovation indicators should be part of the official innovation metrics.
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