A Modelling Framework for a Virtual Power Plant with Multiple Energy Vectors Providing Multiple Services

The deep penetration of distributed energy resources (DER) and renewables into electrical networks is increasing generation variability and uncertainty. One way of addressing this issue is Virtual Power Plants (VPPs), which aggregate a diverse set of DER to act in various electricity markets as a single entity. This work introduces a modelling framework which allows a VPP to operate in multiple markets, considers multiple energy vectors, and dispatches devices at 5-minute intervals, while operating within local network constraints. To ensure framework tractability, it is divided into a three-stage optimization: the high-level scheduling the devices; the mid-level dispatching them with 30-minute timesteps over a 24-hour horizon; the low-level performing the 5-minute dispatch. A real case study with electricity and hydrogen in South Australia is conducted. Results show the VPP coordinating renewable generation, dispatchable load, hydrogen storage and thermal generation to maximize earnings over multiple markets whilst adhering to local network constraints.