Mapping knowledge for probability and statistics application: mathematical and non-mathematical

A mapping (a cognitive analysis) of knowledge used in the effective application of probability and statistics in real world situations is presented, identifying both mathematical and non- mathematical knowledge involved. The fundamental role of domain-related knowledge and expertise is emphasized, with illustrations provided using applications involving social data. Use of the knowledge mapping to support improvement of educational practice is proposed, including its use as a basis to evaluate the completeness of current curriculum and instruction in applied probability and statistics, to guide the design of more complete and effective curriculum and instruction, to guide curriculum design across university departments, and to evaluate curriculum and instruction at all grade levels to ensure misapplication of probability and statistics is not taught.