A novel indirect localization scheme for underwater wireless sensor networks

Localization is essential for underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) applications. For a large coverage and relatively high location accuracy scene, most of prior anchor-based algorithms require a large number of reference nodes, which increases the system cost and complexity. In this work, we propose a new localization scheme in which well placed unknown nodes are localized directly by neighboring reference nodes and then serve as secondary reference (SR) nodes to help the localization of remaining unknown nodes. Numerical results suggest that the proposed scheme even with less reference nodes outperforms the traditional scheme especially with the help of more than one SR node.