Minimally invasive laser technologies in the surgical treatment of hemorrhoidal disease: problems and prospects (literature review)

Based on the literature data, the article reviews the latest advances in the surgical treatment of patients with hemorrhoids. The methods of historical significance, as well as current surgeries are analyzed.The literature review focuses on laser technologies, in particular, laser hemorrhoidoplasty. The paper considers the historical aspects of the development of this approach in proctology, the main surgical techniques, indications and contraindications, possible intra- and postoperative complications, among which the most common are intraoperative bleeding, delayed bleeding, and pain syndrome. The analysis of clinical efficacy and the structure of recurrences and adverse outcomes are presented. Different regimes of laser exposure are analyzed as well. According to the literature data, laser hemorrhoidoplasty is a relatively clinically effective and safe minimally invasive surgical intervention, characterized by short postoperative rehabilitation and a low number of complications. Laser hemorrhoidoplasty is characterized by a low severity of pain syndrome both during the intervention and in the postoperative period. The high economic efficiency of the considered surgical intervention was noted. Meanwhile, the question of the optimal dosing and parameters of the laser energy used in the course of laser hemorrhoidoplasty remains open and should be answered in the upcoming clinical and experimental studies.