Application of Current Knowledge of Blood Flow Restriction Training for Use on Upper Extremity Injuries

Blood flow restriction (BFR) utilizes a cuff or tourniquet to induce muscle hypoxia by maintaining arterial flow, while restricting venous return. This technique has recently gained popularity in healthy patients and patients undergoing rehabilitation. Two studies have shown that patients who use BFR, in addition to the standard therapy protocol, following an upper extremity injury (UEI) have reduced pain and improved Patient-Reported Wrist Evaluation scores. The use of BFR in the upper extremity of healthy patients and patients with a prior lower extremity injury have shown statistically significant improvements in muscle strength and muscle hypertrophy. Further studies focusing on BFR training following various upper extremity injuries are needed to determine the potential impact on clinical outcomes. The purpose of this review was to analyze the use of BFR following lower extremity injuries, summarize the literature of BFR for upper extremity injuries, and consider the application of BFR following upper extremity injuries in the future.