Theological and Philosophical Views of Muslim Theologians of the Volga Region to the Heterodox Environment in the 18th – Early 20th Centurу

The relevance of the study is due to the study of the Russian model of interfaith relations, the evolution of which occurred as a result of the socio-cultural development of Russian society in the 18th – early 20th centuries. The article shows a range of theological and philosophical views of Muslim theologians to the heterodox environment, which is reflected not only in legal issues but also in the issues of confessional exclusivity. At the same time, the position of the majority of Muslim theologians should be primarily considered not as a manifestation of religious intolerance but as an attempt to consider these relations in a scientific focus.