Destabilising the Secular Environments of Host Countries

Even though various common elements appear in the reflection of Turkey’s new foreign policy in the three case countries, the cases show meaningful differences. These differences stem from their economic strength, multi-layered relations with Turkey and their positions in the international system. One crucial point is however shared between the three cases: Turkey’s religion-oriented and authoritarian domestic political change has manifested as a coercive ethno-nationalist Sunnification of its Balkan policy, and this has transformed Turkey’s position in the eyes of the Balkan socio-political elites, from the soft power it has been, to the ambiguous and uncertain one it is becoming.