用原位元素探测外行星的卫星

A. Coustenis, M. Hirtzig, G. Bampasidis, A. Solomonidou, E. Bratsolis, K. Kyriakopoulos, X. Moussas, P. Preka-Papadema
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摘要

对太阳系外行星系统的探索,特别是对木星和土星的探索,是当代太空探索的前沿。事实上,这两个行星系统拥有极端的环境,可以为我们提供关于起源和演化以及其中相互作用的信息。这些气体巨星的主要卫星,如木星的木卫二、木卫三、木卫四和木卫一,以及克罗宁的泰坦和土卫二,在地球物理学和天体生物学上都有有趣的条件,有时类似于地球上的程序,尽管它们有不同的材料和热力学参数的巨大组合。继卡西尼号/惠更斯号任务之后,土卫六土星空间任务(TSSM)被提议并被选择作为一个大型任务进行进一步研究,该任务由一个轨道飞行器、一个热气球和一个湖泊着陆器组成,旨在提供土卫六和土卫二的长期全近距离和原位覆盖[1]。最近,美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的“发现”(Discovery)项目选择了“泰坦海探险家”(Titan Mare Explorer,简称TiME),该项目计划在泰坦的一个湖泊上着陆一个探测器,并探索其组成[2]。土星探测的补充方案是Titan Aerial Explorer (TAE),它包括一个具有探地雷达、无线电科学和多光谱成像和光谱学能力的高压氦气球,重点研究土卫六的大气和表面[3]。最后,欧罗巴木星系统任务(EJSM)由一个轨道器组成,旨在广泛研究伽利略卫星Ganymede,木星的磁层以及卫星之间的相互作用[4]。对这些有趣的行星体的研究不仅使我们有机会超越我们对这一空间领域的知识,而且还使我们有机会在行星尺度的实验室里用一系列新的、最先进的仪器进行实验。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Exploring the satellites of the outer planets with in situ elements
The exploration of the systems of the outer planets of the Solar System, in particular Jupiter and Saturn, is in the forefront of contemporary space exploration. Indeed, these two planetary systems host extreme environments which can provide us with information on the origin and evolution and the interactions therein. The major satellites of these gas giants, like the Jovian Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, and Io, as well as the Kronian Titan and Enceladus, harbor geophysically and astrobiologically interesting conditions which sometimes resemble terrestrial procedures, albeit with a vast combination of different materials and thermodynamic parameters. Following the legacy of the Cassini/Huygens mission, the Titan Saturn Space Mission (TSSM) has been proposed and selected for further study as a large class mission consisting of an orbiter, a hot air balloon and a lake-lander and it is designed to offer a long-term full close up and in situ coverage of both Titan and Enceladus [1]. Recently selected within the NASA Discovery program is the Titan Mare Explorer (TiME) which plans to land a probe in one of Titan's lakes and explore its composition [2]. A complementary proposal for Saturnian exploration is the Titan Aerial Explorer (TAE) which includes a high-pressure Helium balloon with the capability for ground-penetrating radar, radio science and multi-spectral imaging and spectroscopy, focusing on the study of Titan's atmosphere and surface [3]. Finally, the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) is composed of an orbiter destined to study extensively the Galilean Satellite Ganymede, Jupiter's magnetosphere and the interactions among the satellites [4]. The study of these intriguing planetary bodies not only gives us the opportunity to exceed our knowledge concerning this space area, but also to experiment in planetary scale laboratories with a host of new, state-of-the-art instruments.
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