制裁信仰:宗教、国家和美国-古巴关系

Jill I. Goldenziel
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引用次数: 6

摘要

菲德尔·卡斯特罗政府几十年来一直在古巴积极镇压宗教。然而近年来,古巴经历了宗教生活的戏剧性繁荣。自苏联解体以来,古巴政府通过开放宗教信仰和实践的政治空间,增加了宗教自由。1991年,古巴共产党取消了无神论作为入党的先决条件。一年后,古巴修改了宪法,将自己视为一个世俗国家,而不是一个无神论国家。从那时起,古巴的宗教生活呈指数增长。所有宗教派别,从天主教会到非裔古巴人宗教社团,再到犹太和穆斯林社区,都报告参加宗教仪式的人数有所增加。像明爱这样的宗教社会服务组织已经在古巴成立,为所有宗教信仰的古巴人提供重要的社会服务。这些宗教机构得到持宗教签证合法前往古巴的美国团体的协助,这些团体携带着重要的药品、援助物资和宗教用品。如何解释古巴政府突然对宗教的迁就?根据在哈瓦那的原始实地研究,我认为古巴政府为了政治利益在战略上增加了宗教自由。美国制裁政策的漏洞使得美国的援助可以通过宗教团体流入古巴,将古巴的宗教市场与其新兴的经济市场捆绑在一起。古巴政府吸取了东欧后共产主义国家类似宗教觉醒的经验,在允许个人精神复兴的同时,精明地管理了宗教组织的运作。通过允许更多的公众表达宗教信仰,古巴政府为岛上的宗教多元化打开了大门,同时密切监视宗教团体,以防止政治反对。由于奥巴马政府已经开始放松美国对古巴的制裁,古巴法律最近的这些变化可能使美国能够通过宗教民间社会机构促进古巴的政治变革。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Sanctioning Faith: Religion, State, and U.S.-Cuban Relations
Fidel Castro’s government actively suppressed religion in Cuba for decades. Yet in recent years Cuba has experienced a dramatic flourishing of religious life. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the Cuban government has increased religious liberty by opening political space for religious belief and practice. In 1991, the Cuban Communist Party removed atheism as a prerequisite for membership. One year later, Cuba amended its constitution to deem itself a secular state rather than an atheist state. Since that time, religious life in Cuba has grown exponentially. All religious denominations, from the Catholic Church to the Afro-Cuban religious societies to the Jewish and Muslim communities, report increased participation in religious rites. Religious social service organizations like Caritas have opened in Cuba, providing crucial social services to Cubans of all religious faiths. These religious institutions are assisted by groups from the United States traveling legally to Cuba on religious visas and carrying vital medicine, aid, and religious paraphernalia. What explains the Cuban government’s sudden accommodation of religion? Drawing on original field research in Havana, I argue that the Cuban government has strategically increased religious liberty for political gain. Loopholes in U.S. sanctions policies have allowed aid to flow into Cuba from the United States via religious groups, tying Cuba’s religious marketplace to its emerging economic markets. The Cuban government has learned from the experience of similar religious awakenings in post-Communist states in Eastern Europe and has shrewdly managed the workings of religious organizations while permitting individual spiritual revival. By allowing greater public expression of religious faith, the Cuban government has opened the door to religious pluralism on the island while closely monitoring religious groups to prevent political opposition. As the Obama Administration has already begun to ease U.S. sanctions on Cuba, these recent changes in Cuban law may allow the U.S. to promote political change in Cuba through religious civil society institutions.
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