感恩是拯救人格幸福的元策略

T. Danylchenko
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摘要

本文分析了关于感恩是一种经历还是一种个人特质以及世界观的一部分的讨论。研究表明,研究人员关注了感恩的两个组成部分:认知部分(对其他或某些事件的行为有用性的理性评估)和情感部分(体验一系列积极情绪:喜悦、钦佩)。最近,感恩是一种人格特质的观点变得普遍起来。在我们看来,感恩是一种基本的生活准则,它表现在认知方面——评估一个人拥有什么,意识到生命的时间视角,理解积极性的表现形式(积极世界的内隐理论),在情感方面——体验特定的情感,崇敬,钦佩,喜爱)在与某些对象的会面中,这实际上选择了人自己。在行为方面——控制自己的注意力集中在当下的积极方面,以及选择更优的应对策略。感恩对幸福感体验及其个体方面的影响研究表明,感恩与个人幸福感参数之间存在复杂的相互关系。一方面,感恩有助于形成积极的关系,因为这个人鼓励别人证明他的希望是正确的。另一方面,感恩减少了享乐主义的适应,并鼓励个人不要把生活中的积极方面视为理所当然,因此在经历压力时成为一种个人资源。感恩有正式的社会实践——在明确定义的“节日”中表达感激的某些仪式。感恩行为的实际执行效果相对较低。最有效的个人感恩实践被认为是认知的——通过增加对小细节的关注和对它们重要性的认识来实现感恩的体验,同时减少对与世界公平交换的关注。特别是,把一个人感激的事物和现象列成各种形式的清单,解决假设的情况,写感谢信,等等。在应用这些实践时,它们的多样性对于保持个人使用它们的动机很重要。关键词:感恩,幸福人格,积极情绪,感恩实践,最优功能。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
GRATITUDE AS META-STRATEGY FOR SAVING WELL-BEING OF PERSONALITY
The article analyzes discussions about whether gratitude is an experience or a personal trait and part of the worldview. It is shown that the researchers focused on two components of gratitude: cognitive one (rational assessment of the actions usefulness of other or certain events) and affective one (experiencing a set of positive emotions: joy, admiration). Recently, the idea that gratitude is a personality trait has become widespread. In our opinion, gratitude is a basic life guideline, which is manifested in the cognitive aspect – assessing what a person has, awareness of the time perspective of life, understanding the manifestations of positivity (implicit theory of the positive world), in the affective aspect – experiencing specific emotions, reverence, admiration, affection) during the meeting with certain objects, which, in fact, chooses the person himself, in the behavioral aspect – control of their own attention to focus on the positive in the current moment, as well as choosing more optimal response strategies. Researches of the gratitude impact on the experience of well-being and its individual aspects have shown that there are complex interrelationships between gratitude and the parameters of personal well-being. On the one hand, gratitude contributes to the formation of positive relationships, because the person encourages others to justify his hopes. On the other hand, gratitude reduces hedonistic adaptation and encourages the individual not to take the positive aspects of his life for granted, and thus becomes a personal resource when experiencing stress. There are formalized social practices of gratitude – certain rituals of expression of gratitude on clearly defined “holidays”. The actual implementation of the act of gratitude has a relatively low effect. The most effective personal practices of gratitude are considered to be cognitive – the actualization of the experience of gratitude by increasing attention to small details and awareness of their importance while reducing the focus on fair exchange with the world. In particular, making various forms of lists of things and phenomena for which a person is grateful, solving hypothetical situations, writing letters of gratefulness, and so on. When applying such practices, their diversity is important to maintain the motivation of an individual to use them. Key words: gratitude, well-being personality, positive emotion, gratitude practice, optimal functioning.
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