Lecturer resistance during ICTs implementation in higher education in Zimbabwe: forms and triggers

We investigate user resistance during Information Communication Technologies' (ICTs') implementation in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Zimbabwe. User resistance is a complex phenomenon often cited as a barrier to successful implementations. It is often taken at face value and is perceived as a negative factorng which most managers strive to overcome. Many HEIs have implemented ICTs but the uptake, is low. Gaining insights on user resistance could inform implementation strategies, aimed to improve uptake of ICTs. This study employs a model of resistance as a theoretical lens to investigate user resistance in HEIs. We examine resistance behaviours during the implementation of a Learning Management System (LMS). We identify objects, initial conditions, triggers and forms of resistance. Findings show that disinterest, minimal use, refusal to use, pessimism, withdrawal, avoidance, and prioritization are key forms of resistance behaviours. We also identify delegation of duties as a unique form of resistance that falsifies acceptance. Practical implications of the study could inform implementers to develop change management strategies that take into account specific resistance behaviours.