List of Figures

Figure 0�1 Model of interacting inequalities 18 Figure 1�1 Change in real GDP (index: 2019=100%), EU, euro area, Member States and the UK, 2020, 2021 (f) and 2022 (f) 28 Figure 1�2 GDP per capita (PPS), EU Member States and the UK, 2019 29 Figure 1�3 Self-reported unmet needs for medical examination (% of respondents, aged 16 and over), EU Member States 2019 and 2020 29 Figure 1�4 Unconditional convergence to average GDP per capita (PPS), EU Member States 30 Figure 1�5 Catching-up process (sigma convergence) in GDP per capita (EU27=100) 2020-2021, EU Member States 31 Figure 1�6 Average annual growth rate (%) of hourly labour productivity, EU Member States, 1995-2007, 2008-2019, 2020-2021 (f) 32 Figure 1�7 Average annual growth rate (%) real gross capital formation (investment), EU Member States, 1995-2007, 2008-2019, 2020-2021 (f) 33 Figure 1�8 Average annual growth rate (%) gross fixed capital formation (investment, current prices) general government, EU Member States and the UK, 1996-2007, 2008-2019, 2020-2023 (f) 33 Figure 1�9 Income quintile share ratio S80/S20 for disposable income, EU Member States 2019 and 2020 34 Figure 1�10 At-risk-of-poverty rate: share of persons with equivalised income lower than 60% of the median income (anchored at 2008), EU Member States 2019-2020 34 Figure 1�11 General government budget primary deficits (% of GDP) EU Member states and the UK, 2019-2022 (f) 35 Figure 1�12 Public Debt (% of GDP), EU Member States and the UK, 2019-2021 (f) 36 Figure 1�13 Inflation rate in the euro area, Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP), electricity, gas, and other fuels price index, overall HICP index excluding energy and unprocessed food (monthly annualised rate %), euro area, 2019M1-2021M9 39 Figure 2�1 Public spending on labour market policies in 2019 (% of GDP) 48 Figure 2�2 Share of workers doing telework in 2019 (%) 49 Figure 2�3 Business restrictions 49 Figure 2�4 Restrictions faced by sectors across countries 50 Figure 2�5a Share of countries imposing school restrictions 50 Figure 2�5b Share of school days where schools were open, partly open, or closed 50 Figure 2�6 Relation between school closures and employment rate 51 Figure 2�7 Take-up of job retention schemes across EU in 2020 51 Figure 2�8 Spending on job retention schemes 52 Figure 2�9 Evolution of unemployment rate (%) in EU27 54 Figure 2�10 Change in the unemployment rate from early 2020 54 Figure 2�11 Change in unemployment by duration 55 Figure 2�12 Change in number of long-term unemployed and inactive 55 Figure 2�13 Change in inactivity rate 55 Figure 2�14 NEET rate for youth (15-29) 56 Figure 2�15 Employment rate by country 56 Figure 2�16 Change in employment rate 2020-Q1 to 2021-Q2 57 Figure 2�17 Relative change in the number of workers by employment status (%) 57 Figure 2�18 Relative change in the number of workers by employment type and gender (%) 58 Figure 2�19 Changes in non-standard employment 2019-2021 (Q2) 58 Figure 2�20 Change in employment by industry 59 Figure 2�21 Composition of industries prior to pandemic, by the evolution during the pandemic 59 Figure 2�22 Change in employment and hours worked from 2020-Q1 to 2021-Q2 59 Figure 2�23 Trends in employment and total actual hours worked in the EU27 (Index 2002=100) 59 Figure 2�24 Country differences in work redistribution effects between 2020 and 2021, comparison of first quarters 60