1964年德国北海B1井喷期间Figge Maar海底火山口的形成

J. Karstens, J. Schneider von Deimling, C. Berndt, C. Böttner, Michel Kühn, Benedict T. I. Reinardy, A. Ehrhardt, J. Gros, Bettina Schramm, Dirk Klaeschen, J. Elger, M. Haeckel, M. Schmidt, S. Heinrich, Philipp Müller, F. Bense
{"title":"1964年德国北海B1井喷期间Figge Maar海底火山口的形成","authors":"J. Karstens, J. Schneider von Deimling, C. Berndt, C. Böttner, Michel Kühn, Benedict T. I. Reinardy, A. Ehrhardt, J. Gros, Bettina Schramm, Dirk Klaeschen, J. Elger, M. Haeckel, M. Schmidt, S. Heinrich, Philipp Müller, F. Bense","doi":"10.3389/esss.2022.10053","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"In 1964, exploration drilling in the German Sector of the North Sea hit a gas pocket at ∼2900 m depth below the seafloor and triggered a blowout, which formed a 550 m-wide and up to 38 m deep seafloor crater now known as Figge Maar. Although seafloor craters formed by fluid flow are very common structures, little is known about their formation dynamics. Here, we present 2D reflection seismic, sediment echosounder, and multibeam echosounder data from three geoscientific surveys of the Figge Maar blowout crater, which are used to reconstruct its formation. Reflection seismic data support a scenario in which overpressured gas ascended first through the lower part of the borehole and then migrated along steeply inclined strata and faults towards the seafloor. The focused discharge of gas at the seafloor removed up to 4.8 Mt of sediments in the following weeks of vigorous venting. Eyewitness accounts document that the initial phase of crater formation was characterized by the eruptive expulsion of fluids and sediments cutting deep into the substrate. This was followed by a prolonged phase of sediment fluidization and redistribution widening the crater. After fluid discharge ceased, the Figge Maar acted as a sediment trap reducing the crater depth to ∼12 m relative to the surrounding seafloor in 2018, which corresponds to an average sedimentation rate of ∼22,000 m3/yr between 1995 and 2018. Hydroacoustic and geochemical data indicate that the Figge Maar nowadays emits primarily biogenic methane, predominantly during low tide. The formation of Figge Maar illustrates hazards related to the formation of secondary fluid pathways, which can bypass safety measures at the wellhead and are thus difficult to control.","PeriodicalId":148192,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science, Systems and Society","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"3","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Formation of the Figge Maar Seafloor Crater During the 1964 B1 Blowout in the German North Sea\",\"authors\":\"J. Karstens, J. Schneider von Deimling, C. Berndt, C. Böttner, Michel Kühn, Benedict T. I. Reinardy, A. Ehrhardt, J. Gros, Bettina Schramm, Dirk Klaeschen, J. Elger, M. Haeckel, M. Schmidt, S. Heinrich, Philipp Müller, F. Bense\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/esss.2022.10053\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"In 1964, exploration drilling in the German Sector of the North Sea hit a gas pocket at ∼2900 m depth below the seafloor and triggered a blowout, which formed a 550 m-wide and up to 38 m deep seafloor crater now known as Figge Maar. Although seafloor craters formed by fluid flow are very common structures, little is known about their formation dynamics. Here, we present 2D reflection seismic, sediment echosounder, and multibeam echosounder data from three geoscientific surveys of the Figge Maar blowout crater, which are used to reconstruct its formation. Reflection seismic data support a scenario in which overpressured gas ascended first through the lower part of the borehole and then migrated along steeply inclined strata and faults towards the seafloor. The focused discharge of gas at the seafloor removed up to 4.8 Mt of sediments in the following weeks of vigorous venting. Eyewitness accounts document that the initial phase of crater formation was characterized by the eruptive expulsion of fluids and sediments cutting deep into the substrate. This was followed by a prolonged phase of sediment fluidization and redistribution widening the crater. After fluid discharge ceased, the Figge Maar acted as a sediment trap reducing the crater depth to ∼12 m relative to the surrounding seafloor in 2018, which corresponds to an average sedimentation rate of ∼22,000 m3/yr between 1995 and 2018. Hydroacoustic and geochemical data indicate that the Figge Maar nowadays emits primarily biogenic methane, predominantly during low tide. The formation of Figge Maar illustrates hazards related to the formation of secondary fluid pathways, which can bypass safety measures at the wellhead and are thus difficult to control.\",\"PeriodicalId\":148192,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Earth Science, Systems and Society\",\"volume\":\"22 1\",\"pages\":\"0\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2022-06-23\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"3\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Earth Science, Systems and Society\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/esss.2022.10053\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Earth Science, Systems and Society","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3389/esss.2022.10053","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3

摘要

1964年,北海德国地区的勘探钻探在海底以下约2900米深处发现了一个天然气袋,并引发了井喷,形成了一个550米宽、38米深的海底火山口,现在被称为Figge Maar。虽然由流体流动形成的海底陨石坑是非常常见的结构,但对其形成动力学知之甚少。在这里,我们展示了来自Figge Maar井喷坑的三次地球科学调查的二维反射地震、沉积物回声测深和多波束回声测深数据,这些数据用于重建其形成。反射地震数据支持一种情景,即超压气体首先通过井眼下部上升,然后沿着陡峭倾斜的地层和断层向海底运移。在接下来的几周内,海底集中排放的气体清除了多达480万吨的沉积物。目击者的记录表明,火山口形成的初始阶段的特点是喷出的液体和沉积物深入基底。随后是沉积物流化和再分布的延长阶段,使陨石坑变宽。在流体排放停止后,Figge Maar作为沉积物捕集器,在2018年将火山口相对于周围海底的深度减少到~ 12 m,这相当于1995年至2018年期间的平均沉积速率为~ 22,000 m3/年。水声和地球化学资料表明,菲格马尔现今主要释放生物甲烷,主要在退潮时释放。Figge Maar的形成说明了与二次流体通道形成相关的危害,这些流体通道可以绕过井口的安全措施,因此难以控制。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Formation of the Figge Maar Seafloor Crater During the 1964 B1 Blowout in the German North Sea
In 1964, exploration drilling in the German Sector of the North Sea hit a gas pocket at ∼2900 m depth below the seafloor and triggered a blowout, which formed a 550 m-wide and up to 38 m deep seafloor crater now known as Figge Maar. Although seafloor craters formed by fluid flow are very common structures, little is known about their formation dynamics. Here, we present 2D reflection seismic, sediment echosounder, and multibeam echosounder data from three geoscientific surveys of the Figge Maar blowout crater, which are used to reconstruct its formation. Reflection seismic data support a scenario in which overpressured gas ascended first through the lower part of the borehole and then migrated along steeply inclined strata and faults towards the seafloor. The focused discharge of gas at the seafloor removed up to 4.8 Mt of sediments in the following weeks of vigorous venting. Eyewitness accounts document that the initial phase of crater formation was characterized by the eruptive expulsion of fluids and sediments cutting deep into the substrate. This was followed by a prolonged phase of sediment fluidization and redistribution widening the crater. After fluid discharge ceased, the Figge Maar acted as a sediment trap reducing the crater depth to ∼12 m relative to the surrounding seafloor in 2018, which corresponds to an average sedimentation rate of ∼22,000 m3/yr between 1995 and 2018. Hydroacoustic and geochemical data indicate that the Figge Maar nowadays emits primarily biogenic methane, predominantly during low tide. The formation of Figge Maar illustrates hazards related to the formation of secondary fluid pathways, which can bypass safety measures at the wellhead and are thus difficult to control.
求助全文
通过发布文献求助,成功后即可免费获取论文全文。 去求助
来源期刊
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信