Probability of continued local-scale warming and extreme events during and after decarbonization

Although achieving net-zero emissions is very likely to stabilize the long-term global temperature, the possibility of continued warming and extreme events could cause those efforts to be perceived as a failure if there is an expectation that stabilizing global temperature will also stabilize local and regional climate. Leveraging decarbonization scenarios from multiple global climate models, we find that much of the world faces >30% probability of decadal warming after net-zero CO2 emissions are achieved, with most areas exhibiting sustained probability of extreme hot and wet events. Further, substantial fractions of the global population and gross domestic product could experience post-net-zero warming, including hundreds of millions of people and trillions of dollars in the United States, China and India during the decade following net-zero. This likelihood suggests that some of the most populous, wealthy, and powerful regions may experience climatic conditions that could be perceived—at least in the near-term—to indicate that climate stabilization policies have failed, highlighting the importance of adaptation for ensuring that communities are prepared for the climate variations that will inevitably occur during and after decarbonization.