Least Squares Optimization for Forest Propagation Augmented by Rainfall/Snowfall, Frequency, and Polarization Effects

The general path loss model parameters for forest propagation environment are optimized using the least squares technique. The resulting model is verified by comparison with measured data where acceptable agreement is observed. The direct wave, vegetation effect, and rainfall/snowfall contribute to the wave propagation in a forest. The average rain rate that will probably be exceeded for at most 0.01% of the year (i.e., $\mathbf{R}_{\mathbf{0.01}\%}$) is computed using real measured data in Jordan. Based on that, rainfall attenuation rate is computed and analyzed for varying frequencies and for both horizontal and vertical polarizations.